12

13. Verbs : Conjugation

13.1. Verb of existence, verb of presence, verb-copula

13.2. Stative verbs

13.3. Evolutional verbs

13.4. Actional verbs I indicative mood

13.5. Actional verbs II potential mood

13.6. Actional verbs III impersonal mood

13.7. Actional verbs IV experiential mood

13.8. Actional verbs V irregular verbs

13.9. Causative verbs

13.10. Verbs of enticement

13.11. Verbs of evaluation

13.12. Defective verbs

13.13. Verbs having « reflexive » or « passive » meaning

● The converbs (*) are described in this chapter. (1)

(*) converb = {verb + postfixed conjunction}

(1) Converbs forming conditional and concessive clauses are described in chapter 16.

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13.1. Verb of existence, verb of presence, verb-copula

13.1.1. Imperfective present tense (it is)

13.1.2. Imperfective past tense (it was)

13.1.3. Imperfective optative mood (it be)

13.1.4. Future tense (it will be)

In Laz - as it is the case in English - the verb of existence (ex.: I think, therefore I am), the verb of presence (ex.: I am here) and the verb-copula (ex.: I am Laz) have practically the same form. They are generally distinguished only by the syntax. Therefore it is also possible to consider them as one polysemantic verb.

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13.1.1. Imperfective present (= imperfective aspect basic form)

Imperfective present = Aspect-tense corresponding to

1. « I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are etc = I exist etc »

2. « I am, it is etc (in a place) »

3. « I am, it is etc [+ predicate] »

Formation : (out of affirmation profix and negation marker)

[1] anteposed person marker {b/v-},{ø-},{ø-} (→ 11.3.1.1.)

[2] pre-stem {o-} (1) (→ 11.6.)

[3] stem √-r- (2) (→ 11.1.)

[4] post-stem {-er} (3) (→ 11.1.)

[5] multifunctional ending (*) {-ø},{-ø},{-n};{-t},{-t},{-an} (→11.3.,11.4.)

(*) marker of person, number and the present tense

(1) In central and eastern dialects, it is rare to meet complete forms with pre-stem in the 2^nd and 3^rd persons. Affixal forms (without pre-stem) are the most frequently used.

(2) The phoneme /r/ is often weakened and even disappears between vowels especially in the dialects of central area and Hopa. It is often replaced by epenthetical semivowel /y/.

(3) In western dialects, these verbs lost the stem and the post-stem in the 3rd person of singular. It even happens that the pre-stem disappears and that the last consonant {-n} of the fused ending is the sole element remaining of these verbs.

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13.1.1.1. Forms without affirmation profix

subj.	PZ	ÇM	AŞ	FN, AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	vore	vor	vore(r) ~ bore(r)	bore ~ boye	vore ~ voye
2.sg.	ore	or	ore(r)	re ~ ye	re ~ ye
3.sg.	on	on	on	ren ~ yen	ren ~ yen
1.pl.	voret	vortu ~ vorte	vorertu ~ borertu	boret ~ boyet	voret ~voyet
2.pl.	oret	ortu ~ orte	orertu	ret ~ yet	ret ~ yet
3.pl.	oran	oran	onan	renan ~ yenan	renan ~ yenan

● (ÇM) In the dialect of Çamlıhemşin-M3’anu, 1.pl. vorte, 2.pl. orte.

● (AH) In the dialects of south-west of Arhavi (*), the phoneme /r/ is well conserved.

(*) Villages of Pilarget, Sidere, Jin-Napşit

● (ÇX) In the dialects of Borçka-Çxala, the phonème /r/ is well conserved.

● (ÇM-AŞ) In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen, the verb of presence lose its pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (= where ?).

At Ardeşen-Ok’ordule

so + orer = so rer

so + orertu = so rertu

so + onan = so nan

(In Pazar, corresponding interrogative adverb is nak : nak ore, nak on etc.)

● (FN-AH-HP) In the dialects of central area and Hopa, the verb-copula keeps its pre-stem {o-} in the 2^nd and 3^rd persons if it follows interrogative pronouns mi (= who ?) or mu (= what ?). These pronouns take then respectively the forms min and mun.

mi + -n + o- + re = min ore

mi + -n + o- + ren = min oren mu + -n + o- + ren = mun oren

mi + -n + o- + ret = min oret

mi + -n + o- + renan = min orenan mu + -n + o- + renan = mun orenan

There is no caesura between interrogative pronoun and the verb-copula. A certain

number of Laz write minore, minoren, munoren etc. They can be written with

hyphen like mi-n-oren, mu-n-oren etc.

■ The initial syllable is accented in all forms having the pre-stem. Forms without pre-stem are atonic.

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13.1.1.2. Forms with affirmation profix

Affirmation profix {ko-}~{k-} is affixed almost systematically to the verb of existence and scarcely to the verb of presence. In this case, the pre-stem never disappears. The verb-copula is not observed with affirmation profix.

subject	PZ	ÇM M3’anu	AŞ Ok’ordule	AH Sidere	HP Makreal	Borçka Çxala (*)
1.sg.	kovore	kovor	koborer	kobor(e)	kovoye	kovore
2.sg.	kore	kor	korer	kor(e)	koye	kore
3.sg.	kon	kon	kon	koren	koyen	koren
1.pl.	kovoret	kovorte	koborertu	koboret	kovoyet	kovoret
2.pl.	koret	korte	korertu	koret	koyet	koret
3.pl.	koran	koran	konan	korenan	koyenan	korenan

(*)(ÇX) In Çxala, the affirmation profix is prononced also {ho-}.

■ Accent is always on the initial syllable.

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13.1.2. Imperfective past tense

Imperfective past tense = Aspect-tense corresponding to

1. « I existed, it existed » etc

2. « I was, it was (in a place) » etc

3. « I was, it was [+ predicate] » etc

Formation : (out of affirmation profix and negation marker)

[1] anteposed person marker {b/v-},{ø-},{ø-} (→ 11.3.1.1.)

[2] pre-stem {o-} (→ 11.6.)

[3] stem √-r- (→ 11.1.)

[4] recollection-expectation marker {-t’-} (→ 11.1., 11.2.)

[5] fused ending (*) {-i},{-i},{-u};{-i}+{-t},{-i}+{-t},

{-ez /es /ey} (→ 11.3., 11.4.)

(*) marker of person, number and the past tense

● « {-t’-} + marker of person, number and the past tense » is the imperfective past tense marker of all Laz verbs.

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13.1.2.1. Basic forms

The phoneme /r/ between parentheses in the table below is prononced often after words finishing by a vowel. It is never prononced after words finishing by a consonant.

● The phoneme /r/ is the stem of this verb. It is a case of verb without stem. There are some other verbs having forms without stem in Laz language. (→ 13.8.6.).

subject	PZ	ÇM	AŞ	FN, AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	vort’i	vort’i	vort’i ~ bort’i	bort’i	vort’i
2.sg.	ort’i	ort’i	ort’i	(r)t’i	(r)t’i
3.sg.	ort’u	ort’u	ort’u	(r)t’u	(r)t’u
1.pl.	vort’it	vort’it	vort’it(u) ~bort’it(u)	bort’it	vort’it
2.pl.	ort’it	ort’it	ort’it(u)	(r)t’it	(r)t’it
3.pl.	ort’es ~ ort’ey	ort’ey	ort’ey	(r)t’ez	(r)t’es

● (ÇM-AŞ) In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen, the verb of presence loses its pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (= where ?).

so + ort’i = so rt’i

so + ort’u = so rt’u

so + ort’it = so rt’it

so + ort’ey = so rt’ey

(There is no caesura between interrogative adverb and the verb-copula. A certain

number of Laz write sort’i, sort’u, sort’it, sort’ey.)

● The multifunctional marker of the 3^rd person plural and the past tense {-es /ey /ez} take the form {-es} in all dialects before interrogation marker {-i}. Actual regional variants should be a result of rather recent phonetical evolution.

Oxoris ort’es-i ? (PZ) Were they at home ?

~ Oxori ort’es-i ? (ÇM)(AŞ)

~ Oxoriz t’es-i ? (FN)(AH)(HP)

~ Oxoris t’es-i ? (HP)(ÇX)

mi + -n + o- + rt’i = min ort’i

mi + -n + o- + rt’u = min ort’u mu + -n + o- + rt’u = mun ort’u

mi + -n + o- + rt’it = min ort’it

mi + -n + o- + rt’ez = min ort’ez mu + -n + o- + rt’ez = mun ort’ez

(There is no caesura between interrogative pronoun and the verb-copula. A certain

number of Laz write minort’i, minort’u, minort’it, munort’ez etc.)

■ The initial syllable is accented in all forms having the pre-stem. Formes without pre-stem are atonic.

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13.1.2.2. Auditive past tense

Auditive (or reportive) imperfective past tense = Aspect-tense-mode corresponding to

1. « it is said that there was it » etc

2. « it is said that it was (in a place) » etc

3. « it is said that it was [+ predicate] » etc

Formation :

[A] (West・Centre)

Imperfective past tense

+ invariable auditive marker -donu ~ -don (PZ)

-do (ÇM)

ø (?)(1) (AŞ)

-doren (FN)(AH)

● In western dialects, auditive past tense is used almost exclusively in tales. (It seems not the case in central dialects. Further researches are necessary on the matter.) (→ 13.4.4.4.2.)

Ar ndğa ar k’oçi livadi-muşis ort’u-don(u). (PZ)

Ar ndğa ar k’oçi livadi-muşi ort’u-do. (ÇM-Ğvant)

ø　(?) (1) (AŞ)

Ar ndğaz ar k’oçi livadi-muşis t’u-doren. (FN)

Ar ndğaz ar k’oçi ont’ule-muşis t’u-doren. (AH)

« It is said that one day, a man was in his kitchen-garden. »

● (1)(AŞ) We have no example of auditive sentence in the dialects of Ardeşen where

they tell tales as if they were on the spot at the time of facts.

Ar ndğa ar k’oçi livadi-muşi kort’u. (AŞ)

« One day, a man was in his kitchen-garden. I did see him there. »

■ -donu, -doren are accented on the initial syllable.

[B] (HP)

Imperfective past tense + auditive marker -ren agreeing with the subject.

■ Auditive marker -ren is atonic.

[C] (ÇX)

Imperfective past tense

minus multifunctional ending (= marker of person, number and the past tense)

+ auditive marker {-eren/-elen} agreeing with the subject

■ The first vowel of auditive marker {-eren/-elen} is long.

subject	HP	ÇX
1.sg.	vort’i-re	vort’ere ~ vort’ele
2.sg.	(r)t’i-re	(r)t’ere ~ (r)t’ele
3.sg.	(r)t’u-ren	(r)t’eren ~ (r)t’elen
1.pl.	vort’it-ret	vort’eret ~ vort’elet
2.pl.	(r)t’it-ret	(r)t’eret ~ (r)t’elet
3.pl.	(r)t’ez-renan	(r)t’erenan ~ (r)t’elenan

Ar ndğaz ar k’oçi ont’ule-muşiz t’u-ren. (HP)

Ar ndğas ar k’oçi ont’ule-muşis t’eren. (ÇX)

« It is said that one day, a man was in his kitchen-garden. »

● In eastern dialects, use of auditive is not limited for tales.

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13.1.2.3. Converb in the imperfective past tense

Formation :

Imperfective past tense + {-şa} (West)(FN)

{-şkul} (AH south-west)

{-şi} (AH centre)(East)

Means :

1. « while it was there » etc

2. « while it was (in a place) » etc

3. « while it was [+ predicate] » etc

●●● In Laz, the phonemes /s/ and /z/ are regularly transformed in /ş/ before /ş/. But the gemination /şş/ is very often prononced as only one /ş/. Take attention to the 3^rd person plural forms.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-west	AŞ	FN	AH -Pilarget	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	vort’işa	vort’işa	bort’işa	bort’işa	bort’i şkul	bort’işi	vort’işi
2.sg.	ort’işa	ort’işa	ort’işa	(r)t’işa	(r)t’i şkul	(r)t’işi	(r)t’işi
3.sg.	ort’uşa	ort’uşa	ort’uşa	(r)t’uşa	(r)t’u şkul	(r)t’uşi	(r)t’uşi
1.pl.	vort’itşa	vort’itşa	bort’itşa	bort’itşa	bort’it şkul	bort’itşi	vort’itşi
2.pl.	ort’itşa	ort’itşa	ort’itşa	(r)t’itşa	(r)t’it şkul	(r)t’itşi	(r)t’itşi
3.pl.	ort’eşşa	ort’eyşa	ort’eyşa	(r)t’eşşa	(r)t’e şkul	(r)t’eşşi	(r)t’eşşi

● (West) Variants without pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (where ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● (Centre)(East) Variants with pre-stem {o-} after pronouns mi (who ?) and mu (what ?). See 13.1.2.1.

■ Forms having the pre-stem {o-} are accented on the initial syllable. Forms without pre-stem are atonic.

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13.1.2.4. Votive mood

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◘◘◘ Votive mood is formed in various ways. ◘◘◘

[A] (West)(FN)

A-1 : Verbs having only imperfective aspect :

Imperfective past tense + votive marker {-k’o}~{-k’on}

A-2 : Verbs having both imperfective and perfective aspects :

Simple perfective + votive marker {-k’o}~{-k’on}

● In western dialects, the plural marker of 1^st and 2^nd persons {-t} is suffixed to

the votive marker. Besides, the multifunctional marker of 3^rd person plural and

past tense {-es/ ey} is fused with the votive marker. Resulted form is {-ek’es}

(PZ), -ek’oy}(ÇM)(AŞ) and {-ek’os}(AŞ-Dutxe).

[B] (AH) The votive mood shows important differences among localities and even among

individuals in the dialects of Arhavi. Further researches are necessary on this

subject.

[C] (East)

B-1 : Verbs having only imperfective aspect :

Imperfective past tense + votive marker {-k’on/-k’onna}(HP) ~ {-k’o} (ÇX)

B-2 : Verbs having both imperfective and perfective aspects :

Votive mood is formed from optative mood. (→ 13.1.3.)

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Verb of existence, verb of presence and verb-copula are conjuguated as follows in votive mood. As these verbs have only imperfective aspect, the votive marker is suffixed to the basic forms of imperfective past tense.

1. « if only it existed ! » etc

2. « if only it were (in a place) ! » etc

3. « if only it were [+ predicate] » etc

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ west	AŞ	FN	AH	HP
1.sg.	vortik’o	vort’ik’o	bort’ik’o	bort’ik’o(n)		vort’ik’on(na)
2.sg.	ort’ik’o	ort’ik’o	ort’ik’o	(r)t’ik’o(n)		(r)t’ik’on(na)
3.sg.	ort’uk’o	ort’uk’o	ort’uk’o	(r)t’uk’o(n)		(r)t’uk’on(na)
1.pl.	vort’ik’ot	vort’ik’ot	vort’ik’ot	bort’it’k’o(n)		vort’it’k’on(na)
2.pl.	ort’ik’ot	ort’ik’ot	ort’ik’ot	(r)t’it’k’o(n)		(r)t’it’k’on(na)
3.pl.	ort’ek’es	ort’ek’oy	ort’ek’oy	(r)t’esko(n)		(r)t’eskon(na)

● (Centre・East) The marker of 2^nd and 3^rd persons plural {-t} is prononced /t’/ before ejective consonant /k’/.

● (Centre・East) After /s/, the phoneme /k’/ lose its ejectivity and becomes /k/.

● (West) Variants without pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (where ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● (Centre)(East) Variants with pre-stem {o-} after pronouns mi (who ?) and mu (what ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● At the beginning of votive sentences, the adverb k’o (ah ! if only ...) is used very frequently announcing that the wish is unrealizable.

■ Forms having the pre-stem {o-} are accented on the initial syllable. Formes wiyhout pre-stem are atonic.

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●●● (***) (AH) These verbs are conjuguated in the votive mood as follows in the dialects of Arhavi-Pilarget. The morpheme {k’o} appears optionally.

● The forms shown below, without optional {k’o}, are identical with those of future-in-

-the-past which are observed in the dialects of Fındıklı-Sumla, Ç’ennet etc.

subject	AH-Pilarget
1.sg.	bort’at’i (k’o)
2.sg.	(r)t’at’i (k’o)
3.sg.	(r)t’at’u (k’o)
1.pl.	bort’at’it (k’o)
2.pl.	(r)t’at’it (k’o)
3.pl.	(r)t’at’es (ko)

■ Accent is on the syllable including the optative mood marker {-a-}.

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13.1.3. Imperfective optative mood

Formation :

[1] anteposed person marker {b/v-},{ø-},{ø-} (→ 11.3.1.1.)

[2] pre-stem {o-} (→ 11.6.)

[3] stem √-r- (→ 11.1.)

[4] recollection-expectation marker {-t’-} (→ 11.1., 11.2.)

[5] optative mood marker {-a-} (→ 11.5.)

[6] fused ending (*) {-ø},{-ø},{-s/z};

{-ø}+{-t},{-ø}+{-t},{-an} (→ 11.3., 11.4.)

(*) multifunctional marker of person, number and the present tense

● Optative mood marker {-a-} + multifunctional marker {-an}(3rd person, plural and the present tense) = /-an/.

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13.1.3.1. Basic forms

1. « there be it ! » etc

2. « it be (in a place) ! » etc

3. « it be [+ predicate] ! » etc

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ west	AŞ	FN, AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	vort’a	vort’a	bort’a	bort’a	vort’a
2.sg.	ort’a	ort’a	ort’a	(r)t’a	(r)t’a
3.sg.	ort’as	ort’ay	ort’ay	(r)t’az ~ (r)t’as	(r)t’az ~ (r)t’as
1.pl.	vort’at	vort’at	bort’at	bort’at	vort’at
2.pl.	ort’at	ort’at	ort’at	(r)t’at	(r)t’at
3.pl.	ort’an	ort’an	ort’an	(r)t’an	(r)t’an

● (West) Variants without pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (where ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● (Centre)(East) Variants with pre-stem {o-} after pronouns mi ( who ?) and mu (what ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● The ending of the 3rd person singular form {-as/ ay/ az} takes the form {-as} in all dialects before interrogation marker {-i}. Actual regional variants may be the result of a recent evolution.

Oxoris ort’as-i ? (PZ) (Do you want that) it be at home ?

~ Oxori ort’as-i ? (ÇM)(AŞ)

~ Oxoriz t’as-i ? (FN)(AH)

~ Oxoris t’as-i ? (East)

■ Accent is on the initial syllable in all forms having the pre-stem. Forms without pre-stem are atonic.

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13.1.3.2. Prohibito-optative mood

1. « it be not there ! » etc

2. « it be not (in a place) ! » etc

3. « it be not [+ predicate] ! » etc

Formation :

[A] (PZ)

Verbs having perfective aspect : {mot- + perfective-optative}

Verbs having no perfective aspect : {mot- + imperfective-optative}

Verb of existence, verb of presence and verb-copula have no perfective aspect.

[B] (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX)

All verbs : {mot- ~ mo- (*) + imperfective-optative}

(*)(AŞ) Variants in Ardeşen : mot- ~ mo- ~ moy-.

[C] (AK)(*)

Verbs having perfective aspect : {var- + perfective-optative}

Verbs having no perfective aspect : {var- + imperfective-optative}

(*)(AK) In this study, all informations concerning the dialects of Akçakoca are given by Timur Cumhur, inhabitant of Akçakoca-Döngelli.

subject	PZ	ÇM-Ğvant	AŞ-East	FN, AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	mot-vort’a	mo-vort’a	moy-bort’a	mot-bort’a	mo-vort’a
2.sg.	mot-ort’a	mo-ort’a	moy-ort’a	mot-t’a	mo-t’a
3.sg.	mot-ort’as	mo-ort’ay	moy-ort’ay	mot-t’az	mo-t’az
1.pl.	mot-vort’at	mo-vort’at	moy-bort’at	mot-bort’at	mo-vort’at
2.pl.	mot-ort’at	mo-ort’at	moy-ort’at	mot-t’at	mo-t’at
3.pl.	mot-ort’an	mo-ort’an	moy-ort’an	mot-t’an	mo-t’an

subject	AK
1.tsg.	var-vort’a
2.sg.	var-t’a
3.sg.	var-t’as
1.pl.	var-vort’at
2.pl.	var-t’at
3.pl.	var-t’an

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13.1.3.3. Converbs (*)

(*) converb = {verb + postfixed conjunction}

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13.1.3.3.1. Converbs expressing simultaneity

1. « while it is there; while it will be there » etc

2. « while it is or will be (in a place) » etc

3. « while it is or will be [+ predicate] » etc

Formation : imperfective optative + {-şa} (West)(FN)

{şkul} (AH south-west)

{-şi} (AH centre)(East)

● The formation of these converbs let think that, logically, they should be always followed by principal clause in the present or future tenses. But we observe that they are also used with principal clause in the past tense by a certain number of Laz. Further researches are necessary concerning this phenomenon.

●●● In the 3^rd person singular, the phonemes /s/ and /z/ disappear very often before /ş/. They are realized sometimes as /ş/ by regressive assimilation.

subject	PZ, ÇM, AŞ	AŞ	FN	AH-Pilarget	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	vort’aşa	bort’aşa	bort’aşa	bort’a şkul	bort’aşi	vort’aşi
2.sg.	ort’aşa	ort’aşa	(r)t’aşa	(r)t’a şkul	(r)t’aşi	(r)t’aşi
3.sg.	ort’aşa	ort’a(ş)şa	(r)t’aşa	(r)t’a şkul	(r)t’aşi	(r)t’a(ş)şi
1.pl.	vort’atşa	bort’atşa	bort’atşa	bort’at şkul	bort’atşi	vort’atşi
2.pl.	ort’atşa	ort’atşa	(r)t’atşa	(r)t’at şkul	(r)t’atşi	(r)t’atşi
3.pl.	ort’anşa	ort’anşa	(r)t’anşa	(r)tan şkul	(r)t’anşi	(r)t’anşi

● (FN) According to Musa Karaalioğlu, in the dialects of Fındıklı-Ç’anapet, forms that

are indicated in the tabke above under « FN » are used only in the present tense : in the

future tense forms like bort’a şkule, (r)t’a şkule, (r)t’az şkule etc are used there.

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13.1.3.3.2. (AH)(East) Converbs meaning « as long as + verb »

1. « as long as it exists » etc

2. « as long as it is (in a place) » etc

3. « as long as it is [+ predicate] »

In the dialects of Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala (***), there are converbs of {imperfective optative + -şa} type which do not mean the same thing as the homophonous converbs observed in the dialects of Pazar-Çamlıhemşin-Ardeşen-Fındıklı.

●●● (***) In the dialects of Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala, converbs of this type mean “until he (she or it) does such an action”, if they are actional verbs, and “as long as such a state remains” if they are stative verbs. The conjunction-suffix {-şa} has divers functions according to the region and category of verbs.

subject	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	bort’aşa	vort’aşa
2.sg.	(r)t’aşa	(r)t’aşa
3.sg.	(r)t’aşa	(r)t’aşa
1.pl.	bort’atşa	vort’atşa
2.pl.	(r)t’atşa	(r)t’atşa
3.pl.	(r)t’anşa	(r)t’anşa

______________________________________________________________________

13.1.4. Future tense

In Laz, the future tense belongs to the optative mood. Its morphology shows large regional variability.

The future tense derives generally from the perfective optative mood of verbs having perfective aspect and from the imperfective optative mood of verbs having only imperfective aspect. However, there are a few number of stative verbs having the perfective aspect forms only in the optative mood. Some of them have the singularity of having two optative moods (perfective and imperfective) with, naturally (!), two kinds of future tense. (→ 13.2.)

_____________________________________________________________________

13.1.4.1. Basic forms

1. « it will exist » etc

2. « it will be (in a place) »

3. « it will be (+ predicate) »

Formation :

[A] (West・Centre)

optative (basic form) + (according to the dialects){-re}{-r}{-ere}{-ene}{-en}{-oren}{-on}

[B] (HP)

optative (basic form) + future tense marker {-unon} (*)

The future tense marker agrees with the subject in person and, in certain dialects, also in number. The part corresponding to the « basic form of optative mood » agrees imperatively with the subject in person and number.

Thus, in all dialects of Hopa, forms of future tense have the particularity of marking twice the person of the subject. They can mark moreover twice the number of the subject as it is the case in the 1st and 2nd persons of plural in the dialect of Mxigi.

The redundancy of person and number markers let think that these forms should have appeared rather recently in these dialects and that they are not yet enough « mellow » in the conjugation system.

(*) See unon, DA stative verb « want » (→ 13.2.4.12.)

[C] (ÇX)

optative (basic form) + {-un/-unon}

The suffix {-un(on)} is invariable. Its sole function is to be the future tense marker.

■ Accent is always on the syllable including the optative mood marker {-a-}.

subject	PZ-West・Centre	PZ-East, AŞ-West	ÇM	AŞ-Est
1.sg.	vort’are	vort’are	vort’ar	bort’are
2.sg.	ort’are	ort’are	ort’ar	ort’are
3.sg.	ort’asere	ort’asen	ort’asen	ort’asen
1.pl.	vort’atere	vort’aten	vort’aten	bort’aten
2.pl.	ort’atere	ort’aten	ort’aten	ort’aten
3.pl.	ort’anere ~ ort’anene	ort’anen	ort’anen	ort’anen

subject	FN	AH-Jin-Napşit	AH-Centre	HP-Mxigi
1.sg.	bort’are	bort’ar	bort’are	vort’aminon
2.sg.	(r)t’are	(r)t’ar	(r)t’are	(r)t’aginon
3.sg.	(r)t’asen	(r)t’asen	(r)t’asen	(r)t’asunon
1.pl.	bort’aten	bort’aten	bort’aten	vort’atminonan
2.pl.	(r)t’aten	(r)t’aten	(r)t’aten	(r)t’atginonan
3.pl.	(r)t’anen	(r)t’anon	(r)t’anoren	(r)t’asunonan

subject	HP-Makreal	HP-Sarp	ÇX
1.sg.	vort’aminon	vort’aminon	vort’aun ~ vort’aunon
2.sg.	(r)t’aginon	(r)t’aginon	(r)t’aun ~ (r)t’aunon
3.sg.	(r)t’asinon	(r)t’asiyon	(r)t’asun ~ (r)t’asunon
1.pl.	vort’aminonan	vort’aminonan	vort’atun ~ vort’atunon
2.pl.	(r)t’aginonan	(r)t’aginonan	(r)t’atun ~ (r)t’atunon
3.pl.	(r)t’asinonan	(r)t’asiyonan	(r)t’anun ~ (r)t’anunon

● (West) Variants without pre-stem {o-} after interrogative adverb so (where ?). See 13.1.2.1.

● (Centre)(East) Variants with pre-stem {o-} after pronouns mi (who ?) and mu (what ?). See 13.1.2.1.

______________________________________________________________________

13.1.4.2. « Future in the past »

1. « it would exist »

2. « it would be (in a place) »

3. « il would be (+ predicate) »

The formation of « future in the past » shows also a large dialectal variety.

● (AH) There is no specific form of « future in the past » in the dialects of Arhavi.

The imperfective past tense is used there in order to express the « future in the past »

according to the context.

■ Accent is always on the syllable including the optative mood marker {-a-}.

subject	PZ, ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ	FN-Ç’urç’ava	FN-Sumla
1.sg.	vort’art’u	bort’art’u	bort’at’t’i	bort’at’i
2.sg.	ort’art’u	ort’art’u	(r)t’at’t’i	(r)t’at’i
3.sg.	ort’asert’u	ort’asert’u	(r)t’astun	(r)t’at’u
1.pl.	vort’atert’u	bort’atert’u	bort’at’t’it	bort’at’it
2.pl.	ort’atert’u	ort’atert’u	(r)t’at’t’it	(r)t’at’it
3.pl.	ort’anert’u	ort’anert’u	(r)t’at’t’es	(r)t’at’ez

subject	HP-Mxigi	HP-Makreal	ÇX
1.sg.	vort’amint’u	vort’amint’u	vort’aunt’u
2.sg.	(r)t’agint’u	(r)t’agint’u	(r)t’aunt’u
3.sg.	(r)t’asunt’u	(r)t’asint’u	(r)t’asunt’u
1.pl.	vort’atmint’es	vort’amint’es	vort’atunt’es
2.pl.	(r)t’atgint’es	(r)t’agint’es	(r)t’atunt’es
3.pl.	(r)t’asunt’es	(r)t’asint’es	(r)t’anunt’es

● (FN) In the dialects of Ç’anapet, Manaster, Andravat, Ç’urç’ava etc in Fındıklı, the ending {-tun} of the form of 3rd person of singular (r)t’astun is irregular. If it is normal in laz that the phoneme /t’/ lose its ejectivity after /s/, the presence of epithetical consonant /n/ remains an enigma.

● (FN) The « future in the past » of the dialects of Sumla, Ç’ennet etc in Fındıklı is homophonous with the « votive without {-k’o}» in the dialects of Arhavi-Pilarget.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2. Stative verbs

13.2.1. Aø stative verbs (*)

13.2.2. AD stative verbs (*)

13.2.3. Dø stative verbs

13.2.4. DA stative verbs

(*) AL stative verbs and ADL stative verbs are conjugated respectively like Aø stative verbs and AD stative verbs.

In this sub-chapter, we show as often as not, for each stative verb, the basic forms of imperfective present tense, imperfective past tense and imperfective optative mood. (1) Other forms are indicated sometimes.

« Past tense auditive», « converbs in the past tense » and the « votive mood » derive from the form of imperfective aspect past tense.

« Prohibito-optative mood (2) », « converbs in the future tense », « future tense » and the « future in the past » derive from imperfective optative mood.

Derivation rules of stative verbs are similar to those of the verb of existence, the verb of presence, and the verb-copula (→ 13.1.).

(1) The greatest part of stative verbs have only indicative mood in the imperfective aspect. However there are a very few number of stative verbs having perfective optative mood. For these verbs, of course, we point out the forms of perfective optative mood and the future tense which derives from it.

Stative verbs shown below have perfective optative mood.

aç’ven ~ aç’un (he has a pain on the surface of his body, in his

mouth, throat or stomach)

anciren (he is sleepy)

ançaminen ~ ançamins (he feels itchy)

apsen (he wants to urinate)

a3’unen ~ a3’k’unen (he has a pain in a deep part of his body)

azgven ~ az*gven (he wants to go to stool)

diç’in ~ diç’ç’in (ÇM)(AŞ) (it is necessary)

diç’irs (PZ) (it is necessary)

dvaç’in ~ dvaç’ç’in (ÇM)(AŞ) (he needs)

dvaç’irs (PZ) (he needs)

(2) (PZ)(AK) In the dialects of Pazar and Akçakoca, prohibito-optative mood = perfective optative mood preceded by prohibitive marker if the verb has perfective aspect. If the verb has no perfective aspect, as it is the case of a greatest number of stative verbs, prohibito-optative mood = imperfective optative mood preceded by prohibitive marker.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1. Aø stative verbs

_____________________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.1. diç’in (ÇM) ~ diç’ç’in (AŞ) « (an inanimate object) is necessary »

As its subject is inanimate, this verb has only 3rd person forms. It is one of rare exceptions among stative verbs : it has both perfective and imperfective optative moods.

● Basic forms of imperfective optative mood are in grey letters : they are deduced from prohibito-optative mood forms, future tense forms etc.

(ÇM)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood	future tense
3. sg.	diç’in	diç’irt’u	diç’irt’ay	diç’irt’asen
3. pl.	diç’iran	diç’irt’ey	diç’irt’an	diç’irt’anen

subject	perfective
subject	optative mood	future tense
3.sg.	diç’iray	diç’irasen
3.pl.	diç’iran	diç’ranen

(AŞ)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative	future
3.sg.	diç’ç’in	diç’ç’irt’u	diç’ç’irt’ay	diç’ç’irt’asen
3.pl.	diç’ç’inan	diç’ç’irt’ey	diç’ç’irt’an	diç’ç’irt’anen

subject	perfective
subject	optative	future
3.sg.	diç’ç’iray	diç’ç’irasen
3.pl.	diç’ç’iran	diç’ç’ranen

Two forms of future tense are not synonymous. Imperfective future tense means : « it is possible that it will be necessary », while the perfective future tense means : « it is sure that it will be necessary ».

● Prohibito-optative mood = mo-diç’irt’ay (ÇM) ~ mot-diç’ç’irt’ay (AŞ).

According to Tahsin Ocaklı, some Laz say also mondo diç’ç’irert’ay. The representative form of the latter (indicative mood imperfective 3rd pers.sg.) should be *diç’ç’iren.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

● (PZ) The stative verb diç’irs, observed in Pazar, is synonym of these two verbs. The future tense is perfective : diç’irasere (it will be necessary) and diç’iranere (they will be necessary).

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.2. dgun (West) ~ dgin (Centre・East) « he is standing »

(West)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1. sg.	bdgur	bdgurt’i	bdgurt’a
2. sg.	dgur	dgurt’i	dgurt’a
3. sg.	dgun	dgurt’u	dgurt’as ~ dgurt’ay
1. pl.	bdgurt ~ bdgurtu ~ bdgurte	bdgurt’it	bdgurt’at
2. pl.	dgurt ~ dgurtu ~ dgurte	dgurt’it	dgurt’at
3. pl.	dguran ~ dgunan	dgurt’es ~ dgurt’ey	dgurt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1. sg.	bdgir	bdgi(r)t’i	bdgi(r)t’a
2. sg.	dgir	dgi(r)t’i	dgi(r)t’a
3. sg.	dgin	dgi(r)t’u	dgi(r)t’az ~ dgi(r)t’as
1. pl.	bdgi(r)t	bdgi(r)t’it	bdgi(r)t’at
2. pl.	dgi(r)t	dgi(r)t’it	dgi(r)t’at
3. pl.	dginan	dgi(r)t’ez ~ dgi(r)t’es	dgi(r)t’an

We show here some examples of stative verbs which have the same stem and are preceded by a preverb. Their conjugation is parallel.

cedgun (West) « (a tree) is digged »

~ gedgin (Centre)(East)

eladgun (West) « he is standing beside »

~ eladgin (Centre)(HP)

~ iladgin (ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.3. xers (PZ) ~ xen (ÇM)(AŞ)(Centre・East) « he is seated »

(West)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	pxer	pxert’i	pxert’a
2. sg.	xer	xert’i	xert’a
3. sg.	xers (PZ) ~ xen (ÇM)(AŞ)	xert’u	xert’as ~ xert’ay
1. pl.	pxert ~ pxertu ~ pxerte	pxert’it	pxert’at
2. pl.	xert ~ xertu ~ xerte	xert’it	xert’at
3. pl.	xeran (PZ)(ÇM) ~ xenan (AŞ)	xert’es ~ xert’ey	xert’an

(Centre・Est)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	pxer	pxert’i	pxert’a
2. sg.	xer	xert’i	xert’a
3. sg.	xen	xert’u	xert’az ~ xert’as
1. pl.	pxert	pxert’it	pxert’at
2. pl.	xert	xert’it	xert’at
3. pl.	xenan	xert’ez ~ xert’es	xert’an

Derivative verbs preceded by a preverb are conjugated in the same way.

elaxers (PZ) « he is seated beside »

~ elaxen (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)

~ ilaxen (ÇX)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

● The votive mood of stative verbs is formed from imperfective past tense in all dialects.

[A] pxert’ik’o (West) I should have done better to stay seated

pxert’ik’o ~ pxert’ik’on (FN)

[B] pxert’ik’o (AH)

[C] pxert’ik’on ~ pxert’ik’onna (HP)

pxert’ik’o (ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.4. ncars (West) ~ ncans (FN) ~ cans (AH)(East) 　« he is lying »

(West)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	mcar	mcart’i	mcart’a
2. sg.	ncar	ncart’i	ncart’a
3. sg.	nca(r)s ~ ncay	ncart’u	ncart’as ~ ncart’ay
1. pl.	mcart ~ mcartu ~ mcarte	mcart’it	mcart’at
2. pl.	ncart ~ ncartu ~ ncarte	ncart’it	ncart’at
3. pl.	ncaran ~ ncanan	ncart’es ~ ncart’ey	ncart’an

(FN)

	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	mcan	mcant’i	mcant’a
2. sg.	ncan	ncant’i	ncant’a
3. sg.	ncanz ~ ncans	ncant’u	ncant’az ~ ncant’as
1. pl.	mcant	mcant’it	mcant’a
2. pl.	ncant	ncant’it	ncant’at
3. pl.	ncanan	ncant’ez ~ ncant’es	ncant’an

(AH)(East)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	bcan	bcant’i	bcant’a
2. sg.	can	cant’i	cant’a
3. sg.	canz ~ cans	cant’u	cant’az ~ cant’as
1. pl.	bcant	bcant’it	bcant’at
2. pl.	cant	cant’it	cant’at
3. pl.	canan	cant’ez ~ cant’es	cant’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.5. nçars ~ nçans ~ çans « (a plant) bear fruit »

(West)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
3. sg.	nça(r)s ~ nçay	nçart’u	nçart’as ~ nçart’ay
3. pl.	nçaran ~ nçanan	nçart’es ~ nçart’ey	nçart’an

(FN)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
3. sg.	nçanz ~ nçans	nçant’u	nçant’az ~ nçant’as
3. pl.	nçanan	nçant’ez ~ nçant’es	nçant’an

●●● There is no distinctive opposition between /z/ and /s/ at the end of word in Laz. However Laz-Turkish bilinguals distingish between these phonemes in this position and write z or s according to the case.

In Fındıklı, spelling fluctuates between -nz and -ns at the end of verbs in the 3rd person singular.

(AH)(East)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
3. sg.	çans	çant’u	çant’az ~ çant’as
3. pl.	çanan	çant’ez ~ çant’es	çant’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.1.6. zun (West); z*in ~ zin (Centre・East) « he stays forsaken »

(PZ-Apso, Cigetore)(*)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	bzur	bzurt’i	bzurt’a
2. sg.	zur	zurt’i	zurt’a
3. sg.	zun	zurt’u	zurt’as ~ zurt’ay
1. pl.	bzurt	bzurt’it	bzurt’at
2. pl.	zurt	zurt’it	zurt’at
3. pl.	zuran	zurt’es	zurt’an

● In Pazar, zurt’as and zurt’ay are free variants. More generally, all endings in /-as/ - of verbs and nouns - have their free variant /-ay/ in the dialects of Pazar.

(*) According to the informations offered by Birol Topaloğlu, native of Apso, and Ali Osman Aykut, native inhabitant of Cigetore.

(FN)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1. sg.	bz*ir	bzi(r)t’i*	bzi(r)t’a*
2. sg.	z*ir	zi(r)t’i*	zi(r)t’a*
3. sg.	z*in	zi(r)t’u*	zi(r)t’az ~ zi(r)t’as**
1. pl.	bz*i(r)t	bzi(r)t’it*	bzi(r)t’at*
2. pl.	z*i(r)t	zi(r)t’it*	zi(r)t’at*
3. pl.	z*inan	zi(r)t’ez ~ zi(r)t’es**	zi(r)t’an*

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2. AD stative verbs

____________________________________________________________

13.2.2.1. cozun (West) ~ gyoz*in (FN) « his name is ...... » (*)

(*) The verb cozun may mean also « it was his fate » in the imperfective past tense.

(PZ-Apso, Cigetore)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	cemozun	cemozurt’u	cemozurt’as
2. sg.	cegozun	cegozurt’u	cegozurt’as
3. sg.	cozun	cozurt’u	cozurt’as
1. pl.	cemozuran	cemozurt’es	cemozurt’an
2. pl.	cegozuran	cegozurt’es	cegozurt’an
3. pl.	cozuran	cozurt’es	cozurt’an

(AŞ centre・east)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	cemozun	cemozut’t’u	cemozut’t’ay
2. sg.	cegozun	cegozut’t’u	cegozut’t’ay
3. sg.	cozun	cozut’t’u	cozut’t’ay
1. pl.	cemozunan	cemozut’t’ey	cemozut’t’an
2. pl.	cegozunan	cegozut’t’ey	cegozut’t’an
3. pl.	cozunan	cozut’t’ey	cozut’t’an

(FN)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past tense	imperfective optative
1. sg.	*gemozin**	*gemozit’u**	*gemozit’az**
2. sg.	*gegozin**	*gegozit’u**	*gegozit’az**
3. sg.	*gyozin**	*gyozit’u**	*gyozit’az**
1. pl.	*gemozinan**	*gemozitez**	*gemozit’an**
2. pl.	*gegozinan**	*gegozit’ez**	*gegozit’an**
3. pl.	*gyozinan**	*gyozit’ez**	*gyozit’an**

Si muya cegozun ? (PZ) What is youe name ?

(Ma) Omeri cemozun. My name is Omeri.

Si mu cegozun ? (ÇM)AŞ) What is your name ?

(Ma) Aydini cemozun. My name is Aydini.

Si mu gegoz*in ? (FN) What is your name ?

(Ma) Cemali gemoz*in. My name is Cemali.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.2. coxons (AH)(East)　 « his name is …… »

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mcoxons	mcoxont’u	mcoxont’az
2. sg.	gcoxons	gcoxont’u	gcoxont’az
3. sg.	coxons	coxont’u	coxont’az
1. pl.	mcoxonan	mcoxont’ez	mcoxont’an
2. pl.	gcoxonan	gcoxont’ez	gcoxont’an
3. pl.	coxonan	coxont’ez	coxont’an

Si mu gcoxons ? What is your name ?

(Ma) Yuceli mcoxons. My name is Yuceli.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.3. ek’oyun (ÇM)(AŞ-Dutxe)

« he stays at the back of someone (following the latter everywhere)»

(ÇM-Ğvant) imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egoyur	ek’egoyurtu	ek’evoyur
2.sg.	ek’emoyur	ek’emoyurtu			ek’oyur
3.sg.	ek’emoyun	ek’emoyuran	ek’egoyun	ek’egoyuran	ek’oyun
1.pl.			ek’egoyurtu		ek’evoyurtu
2.pl.	ek’emoyurtu				ek’oyurtu
3.pl.	ek’emoyuran		ek’egoyuran		ek’oyuran

The preverb {ek’o-} takes the form {ek’e-} before anteposed person markers {m-}, {g-} and {v-/b-}. Besides, {ek’o-} + pre-stem {o-} = /ek’o-/ or /ek’vo-/ according to dialects.

(ÇM-Ğvant) imperfective past tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egoyurt’i	ek’egoyurt’it	ek’evoyurt’i
2.sg.	ek’emoyurt’i	ek’emoyurt’it			ek’oyurt’i
3.sg.	ek’emoyurt’u	ek’emoyurt’ey	ek’egoyurt’u	ek’egoyurt’ey	ek’oyurt’u
1.pl.			ek’egoyurt’it		ek’evoyurt’it
2.pl.	ek’emoyurt’it				ek’oyurt’it
3.pl.	ek’emoyurt’ey		ek’egoyurt’ey		ek’oyurt’ey

(ÇM-Ğvant) imperfective optative mood

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg			ek’egoyurt’a	ek’egoyurt’at	ek’evoyurt’a
2.sg	ek’emoyurt’a	ek’emoyurt’at			ek’oyurt’a
3.sg	ek’emoyurt’ay	ek’emoyurt’an	ek’egoyurt’ay	ek’egoyurt’an	ek’oyurt’ay
1.pl.			ek’egoyurt’at		ek’evoyurt’at
2.pl.	ek’emoyurt’at				ek’oyurt’at
3.pl.	ek’emoyurt’an		ek’egoyurt’an		ek’oyurt’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.4. ntxozun (FN-Ç’enneti)

« he stays at the back of someone (following him everywhere)»

(FN) imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ktxozur	ktxozut	mtxozur (1)
2.sg.	mtxozur	mtxozut			ntxozur
3.sg.	mtxozun	mtxozunan	ktxozun	ktxozunan	ntxozun
1.pl.			ktxozut		mtxozut (2)
2.pl.	mtxozut				ntxozut
3.pl.	mtxozunan		ktxozunan		ntxozunan

(1)(2) Also ptxozur, ptxozut.

(FN) imperfective past tense

subject	dative complment
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ktxozut’i	ktxozut’it	mtxozut’i
2.sg.	mtxozut’i	mtxozut’it			ntxozut’i
3.sg.	mtxozut’u	mtxozut’ez	ktxozut’u	ktxozut’ez	ntxozut’u
1.pl.			ktxozut’it		mtxozut’it
2.pl.	mtxozut’it				ntxozut’it
3.pl.	mtxozut’ez		ktxozut’ez		ntxozut’ez

(FN) imperfective optative mood

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ktxozut’a	ktxozut’at	mtxozut’a
2.sg.	mtxozut’a	mtxozut’at			ntxozut’a
3.sg.	mtxozut’az	mtxozut’an	ktxozut’az	ktxozut’an	ntxozut’az
1.pl.			ktxozut’at		mtxozut’at
2.pl.	mtxozut’at				ntxozut’at
3.pl.	mtxozut’an		ktxozut’an		ntxozut’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.5. ek’uren (PZ)(AŞ)

« he stays at the back of someone (following him everywhere)»

(AŞ) imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egirer	ek’egirertu	ek’eburer
2.sg.	ek’emirer	ek’emirertu			ek’urer
3.sg.	ek’emiren	ek’emirenan	ek’egiren	ek’egirenan	ek’uren
1.pl.			ek’egirertu		ek’eburertu
2.pl.	ek’emirertu				ek’urertu
3.pl.	ek’emirenan		ek’egirenan		ek’urenan

(AŞ) imperfective past tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egirert’i	ek’egirert’it	ek’eburert’i
2.sg.	ek’emirert’i	ek’emirert’it			ek’urert’i
3.sg.	ek’emirert’u	ek’emirert’ey	ek’egirert’u	ek’egirert’ey	ek’urert’u
1.pl.			ek’egirert’it		ek’eburert’it
2.pl.	ek’emirert’it				ek’urert’it
3.pl.	ek’emirert’ey		ek’egirert’ey		ek’urert’ey

(AŞ) imperfective optative mood

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg			ek’egirert’a	ek’egirert’at	ek’eburert’a
2.sg	ek’emirert’a	ek’emirert’at			ek’urert’a
3.sg	ek’emirert’ay	ek’emirert’an	ek’egirert’ay	ek’egirert’an	ek’urert’ay
1.pl			ek’egirert’at		ek’eburert’at
2.pl	ek’emirert’at				ek’urert’at
3.pl	ek’emirert’an		ek’egirert’an		ek’urert’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.6. ek’ooms (FN-Ç’ennet)

« he stays at the back of someone (following him everywhere) »

(FN-Ç’ennet) imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egoom	ek’egoomt	ek’eboom
2.sg.	ek’emoom	ek’emoomt			ek’oom
3.sg.	ek’emooms	ek’emooman	ek’egooms	ek’egooman	ek’ooms
1.pl.			ek’egoomt		ek’eboomt
2.pl.	ek’emoomt				ek’oomt
3.pl.	ek’emooman		ek’egooman		ek’ooman

(FN-Ç’ennet) imperfective past tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egoomt’i	ek’egoomt’it	ek’eboomt’i
2.sg.	ek’emoomt’i	ek’emoomt’it			ek’oomt’i
3.sg.	ek’emoomt’u	ek’emoomt’ez	ek’egoomt’u	ek’egoomt’ez	ek’oomt’u
1.pl.			ek’egoomt’it		ek’eboomt’it
2.pl.	ek’emoomt’it				ek’oomt’it
3.pl.	ek’emoomt’ez		ek’egoomt’ez		ek’oomt’ez

(FN-Ç’ennet) imperfective optative mood

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg			ek’egoomt’a	ek’egoomt’at	ek’eboomt’a
2.sg	ek’emoomt’a	ek’emoomt’at			ek’oomt’a
3.sg	ek’emoomt’az	ek’emoomt’an	ek’egoomt’az	ek’egoomt’an	ek’oomt’az
1.pl			ek’egoomt’at		ek’eboomt’at
2.pl	ek’emoomt’at				ek’oomt’at
3.pl	ek’emoomt’an		ek’egoomt’an		ek’oomt’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.7. ek’orumz (FN-Ç’anapet)

« he stays at the back of someone (following him everywhere)»

[The description of this verb is entirely based on the informations given by Musa Karaalioğlu.]

(FN-Ç’anapet) 　imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			ek’egorum	ek’egorumt	ek’eborum
2.sg.	ek’emorum	ek’emorumt			ek’orum
3.sg.	ek’emorumz	ek’emoruman	ek’egorumz	ek’egoruman	ek’orumz
1.pl.			ek’egorumt		ek’eborumt
2.pl.	ek’emorumt				ek’orumt
3.pl.	ek’emoruman		ek’egoruman		ek’oruman

(FN-Ç’anapet)　imperfective past tense

s.	dative complement
s.	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.s			ek’egorumt’i	ek’egorumt’it	ek’eborumt’i
2.s	ek’emorumt’i	ek’emorumt’it			ek’orumt’i
3.s	ek’emorumt’u	ek’emorumt’ez	ek’egorumt’u	ek’egorumt’ez	ek’orumt’u
1.p			ek’egorumt’it		ek’eborumt’it
2.p	ek’emorumt’it				ek’orumt’it
3.p	ek’emorumt’ez		ek’egorumt’ez		ek’orumt’ez

(FN-Ç’anapet)　imperfective optative mood

s	dative complement
s	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1			ek’egorumt’a	ek’egorumt’at	ek’eborumt’a
2	ek’emorumt’a	ek’emorumt’at			ek’orumt’a
3	ek’emorumt’az	ek’emorumt’an	ek’egorumt’az	ek’egorumt’an	ek’orumt’az
1			ek’egorumt’at		ek’eborumt’at
2	ek’emorumt’at				ek’orumt’at
3	ek’emorumt’an		ek’egorumt’an		ek’orumt’an

_____________________________________________________________________________

13.2.2.8. euren (PZ)(AŞ) ~ eyuren (ÇM) « he is sick and tired of someone »

(AŞ) imperfective present tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			egirer	egirertu	eburer
2.sg.	emirer	emirertu			eurer
3.sg.	emiren	emirenan	egiren	egirenan	euren
1.pl.			egirertu		eburertu
2.pl.	emirertu				eurertu
3.pl.	emirenan		egirenan		eurenan

(AŞ) imperfective past tense

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			egirert’i	egirert’it	eburert’i
2.sg.	emirert’i	emirert’it			eurert’i
3.sg.	emirert’u	emirert’ey	egirert’u	egirert’ey	eurert’u
1.pl.			egirert’it		eburert’it
2.pl.	emirert’it				eurert’it
3.pl.	emirert’ey		egirert’ey		eurert’ey

(AŞ) imperfective optative mood

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			egirert’a	egirert’at	eburert’a
2.sg.	emirert’a	emirert’at			eurert’a
3.sg.	emirert’ay	emirert’an	egirert’ay	egirert’an	eurert’ay
1.pl.			egirert’at		eburert’at
2.pl.	emirert’at				eurert’at
3.pl.	emirert’an		egirert’an		eurert’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.3. Dø Stative verbs

All stative verbs governing the subject in the dative case are of monopersonal conjugation. They agree only with the subject in person and number.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.3.1. anciren « he is sleepy »

This verb has perfective optative mood.

subject	imperfective present tense	imperfective past tense
1. sg.	manciren	mancirert’u ~ manciret’u
2. sg.	ganciren	gancirert’u ~ ganciret’u
3. sg.	anciren	ancirert’u ~ anciret’u
1. pl.	mancireran ~ mancirenan	mancirert’es ~ mancirert’ey ~ manciret’ez
2. pl.	gancireran ~ gancirenan	gancirert’es ~ gancirert’ey ~ ganciret’ez
3. pl.	ancireran ~ ancirenan	ancirert’es ~ ancirert’ey ~ anciret’ez

subject	perfective optative mood
1. sg.	manciras ~ manciray ~ manciraz
2. sg.	ganciras ~ ganciray ~ ganciraz
3. sg.	anciras ~ anciray ~ anciraz
1. pl.	manciran
2. pl.	ganciran
3. pl.	anciran

● Future tense of this verb is formed from perfective optative mood like that of the verb of existence.

mancirasere (PZ-west・centre) I shall be sleepy

~ mancirasen (PZ-est)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)

~ mancirasinon (HP-centre)

~ mancirasunon (HP-Mxigi)

~ mancirasiyon (HP-Sarp)

~ mancirasun (ÇX)

......

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.3.2. apsen « he wants to urinate »

Optative mood of this verb is imperfective in western dialects and perfective in central and eastern dialects. (*)

subject	imperfective present tense	imperfective past tense
1. sg.	mapsen	mapsert’u ~ mapset’t’u ~ mapset’u
2. sg.	gapsen	gapsert’u ~ gapset’t’u ~ gapset’u
3. sg.	apsen	apsert’u ~ apset’t’u ~ apset’u
1. pl.	mapseran ~ mapsenan	mapsert’es ~ mapsert’ey ~ mapse(t’)t’ez
2. pl.	gapseran ~ gapsenan	gapsert’es ~ gapsert’ey ~ gapse(t’)t’ez
3. pl.	apseran ~ apsenan	apsert’es ~ apsert’ey ~ apse(t’)t’ez

subject	imperfective optative mood　(West)	perfective optative mood　(Centre・East)
1. sg.	mapsert’as ~ mapsert’ay	mapsaz ~ mapsas
2. sg.	gapsert’as ~ gapsert’ay	gapsaz ~ gapsas
3. sg.	apsert’as ~ apsert’ay	apsaz ~ apsas
1. pl.	mapsert’an	mapsan
2. pl.	gapsert’an	gapsan
3. pl.	apsert’an	apsan

● (*) According to Musa Karaalioğlu, in Fındıklı-Ç’anapet, there are two kinds of optative mood : imperfective and perfective. The imperfective future tense apsert’asen expresses remote future while the perfective future apsasen expresses near future.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.3.3. nşk’oroy (ÇM-Ğvant) ~ şkorons (Centre) ~ şkirons (East) « he is hungry »

(ÇM-Ğvant) (*)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1.sg.	mşk’oroy	mşk’orort’u	mşk’orort’ay
2.sg.	kşk’oroy	kşk’orort’u	kşk’orort’ay
3.sg.	nşk’oroy	nşkorort’u	nşk’orort’ay
1.pl.	mşk’ororan	mşk’orort’ey	mşk’orort’an
2.pl.	kşk’ororan	kşk’orort’ey	kşk’orort’an
3.pl.	nşk’ororan	nşk’orort’ey	nşk’orort’an

(*) All forms shown above in the table have been confirmed by Seçkin Yeniçırak. (This verb is not observed in Pazar and Ardeşen.)

(FN)(AH)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mşkorons	mşkoront’u	mşkoront’az
2. sg.	kşkorons	kşkoront’u	kşkoront’az
3. sg.	şkorons	şkoront’u	şkoront’az
1. pl.	mşkoronan	mşkoront’ez	mşkoront’an
2. pl.	kşkoronan	kşkoront’ez	kşkoront’an
3. pl.	şkoronan	şkoront’ez	şkoront’an

(East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past tense	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mşkirons	mşkiront’u	mşkiront’az
2. sg.	kşkirons	kşkiront’u	kşkiront’az
3. sg.	şkirons	şkiront’u	şkiront’az
1. pl.	mşkironan	mşkiront’ez	mşkiront’an
2. pl.	kşkironan	kşkiront’ez	kşkiront’an
3. pl.	şkironan	şkiront’ez	şkiront’an

● Synonym : « he is hungry » (→ 13.3.4.2.)

amşk’orinen (PZ)(AŞ) ~ amşk’urinen (ÇM-Ğvant)

~ amşko(r)inen (Centre) ~ amşkironen (HP)(ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4. DA Stative verbs

All stative verbs governing the subject in the dative case are of monopersonal conjugation. They agree only with the subject in person and number.

_____________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.1. aç’ven (most of dialects) ~ aç’un (AH-Pilarget etc)

« he has a pain on the surface of his body, in the mouth, throat or stomach »

This verb has perfective optative mood.

subject	imperfective present tense	imperfective past tense
1. sg.	maç’ven	maç’vert’u ~ maç’vet’u
2. sg.	gaç’ven	gaç’vert’u ~ gaç’vet’u
3. sg.	aç’ven	aç’vert’u ~ aç’vet’u
1. pl.	maç’veran ~ maç’venan	maç’vert’es ~ maç’vert’ey ~ maç’vet’ez
2. pl.	gaç’veran ~ gaç’venan	gaç’vert’es ~ gaç’vert’ey ~ gaç’vet’ez
3. pl.	aç’veran ~ aç’venan	aç’vert’es ~ aç’vert’ey ~ aç’vet’ez

subject	perfective optative mood
1. sg.	maç’vas ~ maç’vay ~ maç’vaz
2. sg.	gaç’vas ~ gaç’vay ~ gaç’vaz
3. sg.	aç’vas ~ aç’vay ~ aç’vaz
1. pl.	maç’van
2. pl.	gaç’van
3. pl.	aç’van

● The future tense of this verb is formed from perfective optative mood like that of the verb of existence.

maç’vasere (PZ-west・centre)

~ maç’vasen (PZ-east)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)

~ maç’vasinon (HP-centre)

~ maç’vasunon (HP-Mxigi)

~ maç’vasiyon (HP-Sarp)

~ maç’vasun (ÇX)

......

Himus tolepe aç’ven. (PZ) He has sore eyes.

● (AH) In Arhavi-Pilarget etc, aç’un.

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	perfective optative
1. sg.	maç’un	maç’urt’u	maç’vas
2. sg.	gaç’un	gaç’urt’u	gaç’vas
3. sg.	aç’un	aç’urt’u	aç’vas
1. pl.	maç’unan	maç’urt’es	maç’van
2. pl.	gaç’unan	gaç’urt’es	gaç’van
3. pl.	aç’unan	aç’urt’es	aç’van

Coğoiz k’uçxe aç’un. (AH- Pilarget) The dog has a pain in his paw.

● There is no distinctive opposition between /s/ and /z/ at the end of word in Laz. In the dialect of Pilarget, the archiphoneme is realized geberally as [s]. But in the above-mentionned example, it was clearly prononced [z].

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.2. alimben (PZ) « he likes, he loves »

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	malimben	malimbert’u	malimbert’as
2. sg.	galimben	galimbert’u	galimbert’as
3. sg.	alimben	alimbert’u	alimbert’as
1. pl.	malimberan	malimbert’es	malimbert’an
2. pl.	galimberan	galimbert’es	galimbert’an
3. pl.	alimberan	alimbert’es	alimbert’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.3. ançaminen (West) ~ ançamins (Centre・East)　 « he feels itchy »

This verb has perfective optative mood.

(West)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past
1. sg.	mançaminen	mançaminert’u
2. sg.	gançaminen	gançaminert’u
3. sg.	ançaminen	ançaminert’u
1. pl.	mançamineran ~ mançaminenan	mançaminert’es ~ mançaminert’ey
2. pl.	gançamineran ~ gançaminenan	gançaminert’es ~ gançaminert’ey
3. pl.	ançamineran ~ ançaminenan	ançaminert’es ~ ançaminert’ey

subject	perfective optative
1. sg.	mançaminas ~ mançaminay
2. sg.	gançaminas ~ gançaminay
3. sg.	ançaminas ~ ançaminay
1. pl.	mançaminan
2. pl.	gançaminan
3. pl.	ançaminan

■ All forms shown above are accented on the third syllable.

ançaminen, ançamineran, ançaminert’es, ançaminan etc

■ In the future tense, accent is on the syllabe containing the optative marker.

ançaminasere, ançaminasen etc

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	perfective optative
1. sg.	mançamins	mançamint’u	mançaminaz
2. sg.	gançamins	gançamint’u	gançaminaz
3. sg.	ançamins	ançamint’u	ançaminaz
1. pl.	mançaminan	mançamint’ez	mançaminan
2. pl.	gançaminan	gançamint’ez	gançaminan
3. pl.	ançaminan	ançamint’ez	ançaminan

● In the imperfective present tense and the perfective optative mood, plural forms are

identical.

■ All forms shown above are accented on the second syllable.

ançamins, ançamint’u, ançaminaz etc

■ In the future tense, accent is on the syllable containing the optative marker.

ançaminasen, ançaminasinon etc

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.4. aoropen^[1](ÇM)(AŞ) « he likes, he loves »

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	maoropen	maoropert’u	maoropert’ay
2. sg.	gaoropen	gaoropert’u	gaoropert’ay
3. sg.	aoropen	aoropert’u	aoropert’ay
1. pl.	maoroperan ~ maoropenan	maoropert’ey	maoropert’an
2. pl.	gaoroperan ~ gaoropenan	gaoropert’ey	gaoropert’an
3. pl.	aoroperan ~ aoropenan	aoropert’ey	aoropert’an

● Homophonous verb (→ 13.3.5.2.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.5. a3’unen (West) ~ a3’k’unen (FN)(AH)(HP)

« he has a pain in the deep part of his body »

This verb has perfective optative mood.

(West)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past
1. sg.	ma3’unen	ma3’unert’u
2. sg.	ga3’unen	ga3’unert’u
3. sg.	a3’unen	a3’unert’u
1. pl.	ma3’uneran ~ ma3’unenan	ma3’unert’es ~ ma3’unert’ey
2. pl.	ga3’uneran ~ ga3’unenan	ga3’unert’es ~ ga3’unert’ey
3. pl.	a3’uneran ~ a3’unenan	a3’unert’es ~ a3’unert’ey

subject	perfective optative
1. sg.	ma3’unas ~ ma3’unay
2. sg.	ga3’unas ~ ga3’unay
3. sg.	a3’unas ~ a3’unay
1. pl.	ma3’unan
2. pl.	ga3’unan
3. pl.	a3’unan

(FN)(AH)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	perfective optative
1. sg.	ma3’k’unen	ma3’k’une(r)t’u	ma3’k’unaz
2. sg.	ga3’k’unen	ga3’k’une(r)t’u	ga3’k’unaz
3. sg.	a3’k’unen	a3’k’une(r)t’u	a3’k’unaz
1. pl.	ma3’k’unenan	ma3’k’une(r)t’ez	ma3’k’unan
2. pl.	ga3’k’unenan	ga3’k’une(r)t’ez	ga3’k’unan
3. pl.	a3’k’unenan	a3’k’une(r)t’ez	a3’k’unan

● Synonyms :

3’k’uns (AH)(HP) DA stative verb : (m3’k’uns, k’3’k’uns, 3’k’uns, m3’k’unan ...)

(AH)(HP) In Arhavi and Hopa, 3’k’uns and a3’unen coexist. The first means « he has pain now » and the second « he has pain sometimes ; he may have pain in any time »

3’k’ups (ÇX) DA stative verb : (m3’k’ups, k’3’k’ups, 3’k’ups, mtsk’upan ...)

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.6. azin (ÇM)(AŞ) « he sees something »

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1.sg.	mazin	mazirt’u	mazirt’ay
2.sg.	gazin	gazirt’u	gazirt’ay
3.sg.	azin	azirt’u	azirt’ay
1.pl.	maziran ~ mazinan	mazirt’ey	mazirt’an
2.pl.	gaziran ~ gazinan	gazirt’ey	gazirt’an
3.pl.	aziran ~ azinan	azirt’ey	azirt’an

● EA actional verbs having the same stem :

z*irams (PZ) he sees something

ziray (ÇM)(AŞ) he finds something ; he catches a glimpse of someone

z*irums (FN) he finds something ; he sees someone

z*iroms (AH) he sees something ; he finds something

z*i(r)ops (HP)(ÇX) he finds something ; he catches a gl:mpse of someone

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.7. dvaç’in (ÇM) ~ dvaç’ç’in (AŞ) « he needs »

This verb is a quite exceptional case : it has both perfective optative mood and imperfective optative mood.

Imperfective future tense : « he possibly needs »

Prefective future tense : « he surely needs »

(ÇM)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’in	domaç’irt’u	domaç’irt’ay	domaç’irt’asen
2.sg.	dogaç’in	dogaç’irt’u	dogaç’irt’ay	dogaç’irt’asen
3.sg.	dvaç’in	dvaç’irt’u	dvaç’irt’ay	dvaç’irt’asen
1.pl.	domaç’iran	domaç’irt’ey	domaç’irt’an	domaç’irt’anen
2.pl.	dogaç’iran	dogaç’irt’ey	dogaç’irt’an	dogaç’irt’anen
3.pl.	dvaç’iran	dvaç’irt’ey	dvaç’irt’an	dvaç’irt’anen

A p’ot’e domaç’irt’asen. (ÇM) Perhaps I need it.

(ÇM)

subject	perfective
subject	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’iray	domaç’irasen
2.sg.	dogaç’iray	dogaç’irasen
3.sg.	dvaç’iray	dvaç’irasen
1.pl.	domaç’iran	domaç’iranen
2.pl.	dogaç’iran	dogaç’iranen
3.pl.	dvaç’iran	dvaç’iranen

(AŞ)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’ç’in	domaç’ç’irt’u	domaç’ç’irt’ay	domaç’ç’irt’asen
2.sg.	dogaç’ç’in	dogaç’ç’irt’u	dogaç’ç’irt’ay	dogaç’ç’irt’asen
3.sg.	dvaç’ç’in	dvaç’ç’irt’u	dvaç’ç’irt’ay	dvaç’ç’irt’asen
1.pl.	domaç’ç’inan	domaç’ç’irt’ey	domaç’ç’irt’an	domaç’ç’irt’anen
2.pl.	dogaç’ç’inan	dogaç’ç’irt’ey	dogaç’ç’irt’an	dogaç’ç’irt’anen
3.pl.	dvaç’ç’inan	dvaç’ç’irt’ey	dvaç’ç’irt’an	dvaç’ç’irt’anen

subject	perfective
subject	optative	future
1.sg.	domaç’ç’iray	domaç’ç’irasen
2.sg.	dogaç’ç’iray	dogaç’ç’irasen
3.sg.	dvaç’ç’iray	dvaç’ç’irasen
1.pl.	domaç’ç’iran	domaç’ç’iranen
2.pl.	dogaç’ç’iran	dogaç’ç’iranen
3.pl.	dvaç’ç’iran	dvaç’ç’ranen

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.8. şun (West) ~ şuns (centre・east) « it is in his memory »

(West)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mşun	mşurt’u	mşurt’as ~ mşurt’ay
2. sg.	kşun	kşurt’u	kşurt’as ~ kşurt’ay
3. sg.	şun	şurt’u	şurt’as ~ şurt’ay
1. pl.	mşuran ~ mşunan	mşurt’es ~ mşurt’ey	mşurt’an
2. pl.	kşuran ~ kşunan	kşurt’es ~ kşurt’ey	kşurt’an
3. pl.	şuran ~ şunan	şurt’es ~ şurt’ey	şurt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mşuns	mşunt’u	mşunt’az
2. sg.	kşuns	kşunt’u	kşunt’az
3. sg.	şuns	şunt’u	şunt’az
1. pl.	mşunan	mşunt’ez	mşunt’an
2. pl.	kşunan	kşunt’ez	kşunt’an
3. pl.	şunan	şunt’ez	şunt’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.9. ubağun (ÇM)(AŞ)(Centre・East) « he is satisfied with »

(ÇM)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mibağun	mibağurt’u	mibağurt’ay
2. sg.	gibağun	gibağurt’u	giağurt’ay
3. sg.	ubağun	ubağurt’u	ubağurt’ay
1. pl.	mibağuran	mibağurt’ey	mibağurt’an
2. pl.	gibağuran	gibağurt’ey	gibağurt’an
3. pl.	ubağuran	ubağurt’ey	ubağurt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mibağun	mibağut’u	mibağut’az
2. sg.	gibağun	gibağut’u	gibağut’az
3. sg.	ubağun	ubağut’u	ubağut’az
1. pl.	mibağunan	mibağut’ez	mibağut’an
2. pl.	gibağunan	gibağut’ez	gibağut’an
3. pl.	ubağunan	ubağut’ez	ubağut’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.10. uğun 1. (all dialects) « he is in possession of (inanimate object) »

2. (West)(FN-Ç’anapet) « (a plant has) some animate parasite »

(PZ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miğun	miğurt’u	miğurt’as
2. sg.	giğun	giğurt’u	giğurt’as
3. sg.	uğun	uğurt’u	uğurt’as
1. pl.	miğuran	miğurt’es	miğurt’an
2. pl.	giğuran	giğurt’es	giğurt’an
3. pl.	uğuran	uğurt’es	uğurt’an

(ÇM)(AŞ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miğun	miğurt’u	miğurt’ay
2. sg.	giğun	giğurt’u	giğurt’ay
3. sg.	uğun	uğurt’u	uğurt’ay
1. pl.	miğuran ~ miğunan	miğurt’ey	miğurt’an
2. pl.	giğuran ~ giğunan	giğurt’ey	giğurt’an
3. pl.	uğuran ~ uğunan	uğurt’ey	uğurt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miğun	miğut’u	miğut’az
2. sg.	giğun	giğut’u	giğut’az
3. sg.	uğun	uğut’u	uğut’az
1. pl.	miğunan	miğut’ez	miğut’an
2. pl.	giğunan	giğut’ez	giğut’an
3. pl.	uğunan	uğut’ez	uğut’an

● In the example shown below, the subject is not materially in possession of the object.

Construction : {subject in the dative case + complement in the absolutive case + predicate of complement + verb}

Şk’u gza mendra miğuran. (ÇM) Nous avons un long chemin.

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.11. uk’oren (PZ) ; ø (ÇM)(AŞ) ; uk’o(r)oms (FN-Ç’ennet) ~ uk’oremz (FN-Ç’anapet) ~ uk’orams (AH centre) ~ uk’ors (AH centre) ~ uk’orems (AH-Sidere) ; ø (HP)

A (PZ) « he is short of »

B (FN)(AH) « he needs »

● The verb uk’oren of Pazar dialects and the other forms (uk’oroms ~ uk’oremz ~ uk’orams ~ uk’ors), observed in Fındıklı and Arhavi, are clearly differenciated nowadays even if they have very probably common origin. We describe them especially in the same article because they are interesting in two points of view : their geographical distribution and morphological diversity.

(PZ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mik’oren	mik’orert’u	mik’orert’as
2. sg.	gik’oren	gik’orert’u	gik’orert’as
3. sg.	uk’oren	uk’orert’u	uk’orert’as
1. pl.	mik’oreran	mik’orert’es	mik’orert’an
2. pl.	gik’oreran	gik’orert’es	gik’orert’an
3. pl.	uk’oreran	uk’orert’es	uk’orert’an

(FN-Ç’ennet)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mik’o(r)oms	mik’o(r)omt’u	mik’o(r)omt’az
2. sg.	gik’o(r)oms	gik’o(r)omt’u	gik’o(r)omt’az
3. sg.	uk’o(r)oms	uk’o(r)omt’u	uk’o(r)omt’az
1. pl.	mik’o(r)oman	mik’o(r)omt’ez	mik’o(r)omt’an
2. pl.	gik’o(r)oman	gik’o(r)omt’ez	gik’o(r)omt’an
3. pl.	uk’o(r)oman	uk’o(r)omt’ez	uk’o(r)omt’an

(FN-Ç’anapet)(*)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mik’oremz	mik’oremt’u	mik’oremt’az
2. sg.	gik’oremz	gik’oremt’u	gik’oremt’az
3. sg.	uk’oremz	uk’oremt’u	uk’oremt’az
1. pl.	mik’oreman	mik’oremt’ez	mik’oremt’an
2. pl.	gik’oreman	gik’oremt’ez	gik’oremt’an
3. pl.	uk’oreman	uk’oremt’ez	uk’oremt’an

(*) The table shown above has been dressed exclusively by the information given by Musa Karaalioğlu. The original spelling is scrupulously respected. As there is no distinctive opposotion at the end of word between /s/ and /z/, this table is phonematiclaly identical with the following one which show the forms observed in Arhavi in the village of Sidere and its surroundings.

(AH-Sidere)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mik’orems	mik’oremt’u	mik’oremt’as
2. sg.	gik’orems	gik’oremt’u	gik’oremt’as
3. sg.	uk’orems	uk’oremt’u	uk’oremt’as
1. pl.	mik’oreman	mik’oremt’es	mik’oremt’an
2. pl.	gik’oreman	gik’oremt’es	gik’oremt’an
3. pl.	uk’oreman	uk’oremt’es	uk’oremt’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.12. unons (FN-Ç’ennet) ~ unon (Centre・East) « he wants »

(FN-Ç’ennet)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	minons	mint’u	mint’az
2. sg.	ginons	gint’u	gint’az
3. sg.	unons	unt’u	unt’az
1. pl.	minonan	mint’ez	mint’an
2. pl.	ginonan	gint’ez	gint’an
3. pl.	unonan	unt’ez	unt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	minon	mint’u	mint’az
2. sg.	ginon	gint’u	gint’az
3. sg.	unon	unt’u	unt’az
1. pl.	minonan	mint’ez	mint’an
2. pl.	ginonan	gint’ez	gint’an
3. pl.	unonan	unt’ez	unt’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.13. uşk’un (West) ~ uçkin (Centre・East) « he knows »

(PZ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mişk’un	mişk’urt’u	mişk’urt’as
2. sg.	gişk’un	gişk’urt’u	gişk’urt’as
3. sg.	uşk’un	uşk’urt’u	uşk’urt’as
1. pl.	mişk’uran	mişk’urt’es	mişk’urt’an
2. pl.	gişk’uran	gişk’urt’es	gişk’urt’an
3. pl.	uşk’uran	uşk’urt’es	uşk’urt’an

(ÇM)(AŞ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mişk’un	mişk’urt’u	mişk’urt’ay
2. sg.	gişk’un	gişk’urt’u	gişk’urt’ay
3. sg.	uşk’un	uşk’urt’u	uşk’urt’ay
1. pl.	mişk’uran ~ mişk’unan	mişk’urt’ey	mişk’urt’an
2. pl.	gişk’uran ~ gişk’unan	gişk’urt’ey	gişk’urt’an
3. pl.	uşk’uran ~ uşk’unan	uşk’urt’ey	uşk’urt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past (*)	imperfective optative (**)
1. sg.	miçkin	miçkit’u	miçkit’az
2. sg.	giçkin	giçkit’u	giçkit’az
3. sg.	uçkin	uçkit’u	uçkit’az
1. pl.	miçkinan	miçkit’ez	miçkit’an
2. pl.	giçkinan	giçkit’ez	giçkit’an
3. pl.	uçkinan	uçkit’ez	uçkit’an

(*) FN-Ç’ennet, Ç’urç’ava etc :

miçkit’t’u, giçkit’t’u, uçkit’t’u, miçkit’t’ez, giçkit’t’ez, uçkit’t’ez.

(**) FN-Ç’ennet, Ç’urç’ava etc :

miçkit’t’az, giçkit’t’az, uçkit’t’az, miçkit’t’an, giçkit’t’an, uçkit’t’an.

● As stative verbs have only imperfective aspect, their votive mood is formed from imperfective past tense in all dialects. The adverb k’o (if only) is observed often at the beginning of votive sentences.

A ! K’o derdi-şk’imi gişk’urt’uk’o ! (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)

~ A ! K’o derdi-çkimi giçkit’uk’o ! (FN)(AH)

~ A ! K’o derdi-çkimi giçkit’uk’on(na) ! (HP)

« Ah, if only you knew my pain ! »

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.14. uyonun (West・Centre) ~ ux’onun (HP-P’eronit) ~ ux’oun (HP-Mxigi)

« he is in possession of (animate being) »

(PZ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miyonun	miyonurt’u	miyonurt’as
2. sg.	giyonun	giyonurt’u	giyonurt’as
3. sg.	uyonun	uyonurt’u	uyonurt’as
1. pl.	miyonuran	miyonurt’es	miyonurt’an
2. pl.	giyonuran	giyonurt’es	giyonurt’an
3. pl.	uyonuran	uyonurt’es	uyonurt’an

(ÇM)(AŞ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miyonun	miyonurt’u	miyonurt’ay
2. sg.	giyonun	giyonurt’u	giyonurt’ay
3. sg.	uyonun	uyonurt’u	uyonurt’ay
1. pl.	miyonuran ~ miyonunan	miyonurt’ey	miyonurt’an
2. pl.	giyonuran ~ giyonunan	giyonurt’ey	giyonurt’an
3. pl.	uyonuran ~ uyonunan	uyonurt’ey	uyonurt’an

● In Ardeşen, sometimes uonun, uonunan, uonurt’u etc in the 3rd person.

(Centre)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miyonun	miyonut’u	miyonut’az
2. sg.	giyonun	giyonut’u	giyonut’az
3. sg.	uyonun	uyonut’u	uyonut’az
1. pl.	miyonunan	miyonut’ez	miyonut’an
2. pl.	giyonunan	giyonut’ez	giyonut’an
3. pl.	uyonunan	uyonut’ez	uyonut’an

(HP-P’eronit)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mix’onun	mix’onut’u	mix’onut’az
2. sg.	gix’onun	gix’onut’u	gix’onut’az
3. sg.	ux’onun	ux’onut’u	ux’onut’az
1. pl.	mix’onunan	mix’onut’ez	mix’onut’an
2. pl.	gix’onunan	gix’onut’ez	gix’onut’an
3. pl.	ux’onunan	ux’onutez	ux’onut’an

● At the end of word, often /es/, /as/ instead of /ez/, /az/.

(HP-Mxigi)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mix’oun	mix’out’u	mix’out’as
2. sg.	gix’oun	gix’out’u	gix’out’as
3. sg.	ux’oun	ux’out’u	ux’out’as
1. pl.	mix’ounan	mix’out’es	mix’out’an
2. pl.	gix’ounan	gix’out’es	gix’out’an
3. pl.	ux’ounan	ux’outes	ux’out’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.2.4.15. uzun (West) ~ uz*in/uzin (Centre・East)

« there is (something) belonging to him »

(PZ-Apso, Cigetore)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mizun	mizurt’u	mizurt’as
2. sg.	gizun	gizurt’u	gizurt’as
3. sg.	uzun	uzurt’u	uzurt’as
1. pl.	mizuran	mizurt’es	mizurt’an
2. pl.	gizuran	gizurt’es	gizurt’an
3. pl.	uzuran	uzurt’es	uzurt’an

(ÇM)(AŞ)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mizun	mizurt’u	mizurt’ay
2. sg.	gizun	gizurt’u	gizurt’ay
3. sg.	uzun	uzurt’u	uzurt’ay
1. pl.	mizuran ~ mizunan	mizurt’ey	mizurt’an
2. pl.	gizuran ~ gizunan	gizurt’ey	gizurt’an
3. pl.	uzuran ~ uzunan	uzurt’ey	uzurt’an

(Centre・East)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	miz*in	miz*it’u	miz*it’az
2. sg.	giz*in	giz*it’u	giz*it’az
3. sg.	uz*in	uz*it’u	uz*it’az
1. pl.	miz*inan	miz*it’ez	miz*it’an
2. pl.	giz*inan	giz*it’ez	giz*it’an
3. pl.	uz*inan	uz*it’ez	uz*it’an

(HP-Azlağa)

subject	imperfective present	imperfective past	imperfective optative
1. sg.	mizin	mizit’u	mizit’as
2. sg.	gizin	gizit’u	gizit’as
3. sg.	uzin	uzit’u	uzit’as
1. pl.	mizinan	mizit’es	mizit’an
2. pl.	gizinan	gizit’es	gizit’an
3. pl.	uzinan	uzit’es	uzit’an

● In the dialect of Azlağa, there is only one phoneme /z/ corresponding to the two phonemes /z*/ and /z/ in other dialects.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3. Evolutional verbs

Those having the stem √-x’v- :

13.3.1. iyen ~ iven ~ ix’ven ~ ix’vapun/ ix’opun

13.3.2. ayen/ aen ~ aven ~ ax’ven ~ ax’vapun

Others :

13.3.3. Dø evolutional verbs

13.3.4. D.Cog Evolutional verbs

13.3.5. DA evolutional verbs

______________________________________________________________________

Evolutional verbs have only one of four fundamental moods i.e. the indicative, from which derive optative, prohibito-optative and votive moods. There are very few evolutional verbs having imperative and prohibitive moods.

We do not show here any form belonging to optative, prohibito-optative and votive moods, to future tense and future-in-the-past, or to divers converbs and adverbial clauses. Nor any auditive form either. They are formed like those of actional verbs. See the sub-chapter of Actional verbs.

Simple perfective forms of evolutional verbs express the actual state resulting from an evolution which has come to an end. Their complex forms express a former state that had resulted from a former evolution. (Complex forms of evolutional verbs are formed like the pluperfect of actional verbs.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1. iyen ~ iven ~ ix’ven ~ ix’vapun/ ix’opun

13.3.1.1. Imperfective present tense

13.3.1.2. Imperfective past tense

13.3.1.3. Imperfective optative mood

13.3.1.4. Perfective

13.3.1.5. Perfective optative mood

13.3.1.6. Future tense

There are in Laz three homophonous verbs having the form iyen ~ iven ~ ix’ven ~ ix’vapun/ ix’opun : the verb « become », the verb corresponding to the locution « (a period) ago » and the verb « arrive to the maturation ». (→ 12.3.1.). As these verbs are used only in the 3rd person singular, the greatest part of forms shown below belong to the verb « become ».

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.1. Imperfective present tense

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.1.1. Basic forms

« I become, he becomes etc »

■ Accent is on the initial syllable in all forms in the table below.

subject	PZ	ÇM	ÇM-M3’anu	AŞ-West	AŞ-East
1.sg.	viyer	viyer	viyer	viyer	biyer
2.sg.	iyer	iyer	iyer	iyer	iyer
3.sg.	iyen	iyen	iyen	iyen	iyen
1.pl.	viyert	viyertu	viyerte	viyertu	biyertu
2.pl.	iyert	iyertu	iyerte	iyertu	iyertu
3.pl.	iyeran	iyeran	iyeran	iyenan	iyenan

subject	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	biyer ~ biver	biver	vix’ver
2.sg.	iyer ~ iver	iver	ix’ver
3.sg.	iyen ~ iven	iven	ix’ven
1.pl.	biyert ~ bivert	bivert	vix’vert
2.pl.	iyert ~ ivert	ivert	ix’vert
3.pl.	iyenan ~ ivenan	ivenan	ix’venan

● The phoneme /r/ after vowel is not always prononced in central and eastern dialects.

Variants shown below are observed in Arhavi-Pilarget , in Borçka-Çxala etc.

■ Accent is on the second syllable of forms shown below.

subject	AH	ÇX
1.sg.	bivapur	vix’vapur
2.sg.	ivapur	ix’vapur
3.sg.	ivapun	ix’vapun
1.pl.	bivapurt	vix’vapurt
2.pl.	ivapurt	ix’vapurt
3.pl.	ivapunan	ix’vapunan

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.1.2. Prohibitive mood

« do not become »

Formation : (PZ ~ ÇX) {mot- ~ mo- ~ moy- + imperfective present tense}

Prohibitive mood is always in the 2nd person. In the 1st and 3rd persons, prohibition is expressed by the prohibito-optative mood (*)(→ 13.3.1.3.2.).

●●● (*)(AK) According to the informations given by Timur Cumhur, inhabtant of Akçakoca-Döngelli, the prohibito-optative mood 2nd person forms are used instead of prohibitive mood in the dialects of Akçakoca.

(PZ) mot-iyer ; mot-iyert

(ÇM-Ğvant) mo-iyer ; mo-iyertu

(AŞ) moy-iyer ; moy-iyertu

(FN) mot-iyer ~ mot-iver ; mot-iyert ~ mot-ivert

(AH) mot-iver ; mot-ivert

(HP)(ÇX) mo-ix’ver ; mo-ix’vert　

● Vairants : (AH-Pilarget) mot-ivapur ; mot-ivapurt

(ÇX) mo-ix’vapur ; mo-ix’vapurt

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2. Imperfective past tense

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2.1. Basic forms

« I was becoming, you were becoming etc »

■ In all forms below, accent is on the initial syllable.

subject	PZ	ÇM	AŞ-West	AŞ-East
1.sg.	viyert’i	viyert’i	viyert’i	biyert’i
2.sg.	iyert’i	iyert’i	iyert’i	iyert’i
3.sg.	iyert’u	iyert’u	iyert’u	iyert’u
1.pl.	viyert’it	viyert’it(u/e)	viyert’it(u)	biyert’it(u)
2.pl.	iyert’it	iyert’it(u/e)	iyert’it(u)	iyert’it(u)
3.pl.	iyert’es ~ iyert’ey	iyert’ey	iyert’ey	iyert’ey

subject	FN	AH	HP,ÇX
1.sg.	biyert’i ~ bive(r)t’i	bive(r)t’i	vix’ve(r)t’i
2.sg.	iyert’i ~ ive(r)t’i	ive(r)t’i	ix’ve(r)t’i
3.sg.	iyert’u ~ ive(r)t’u	ive(r)t’u	ix’ve(r)t’u
1.pl.	biyert’it ~ bive(r)t’it	bive(r)t’it	vix’ve(r)t’it
2.pl.	iyert’it ~ ive(r)t’it	ive(r)t’it	ix’ve(r)t’it
3.pl.	iyert’ez ~ ive(r)t’ez	ive(r)t’ez	ix’ve(r)t’ez

●●● The phoneme /r/ before {-t’-} is rarely prononced in central and eastern dialects.

Many Laz write bivet’i, ivet’i, ivet’u etc.

● Variants shown below are observed in Arhavi-Pilarget , in Borçka-Çxala etc.

■ Accent is on the second syllable of forms shown below.

subject	AH	ÇX
1.sg.	bivapu(r)t’i	vix’vapu(r)t’i
2.sg.	ivapu(r)t’i	ix’vapu(r)t’i
3.sg.	ivapu(r)t’u	ix’vapu(r)t’u
1.pl.	bivapu(r)t’it	vix’vapu(r)t’it
2.pl.	ivapu(r)t’it	ix’vapu(r)t’it
3.pl.	ivapu(r)t’ez	ix’vapu(r)t’ez

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2.2. Imperfective past tense auditive

« they say that it was becoming » etc

Formation : imperfective past tense + -don(u) (PZ)

-do (ÇM)

-doren (FN)(AH)

-ren (HP)

{-eren/-elen} (ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2.3. Converb in the imperfective past tense

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2.3.1. Converb meaning « when I became » etc

■ In all forms below, accent is on the initial syllable ;

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East
1.sg.	viyert’işa	viyert’işa	biyert’işa
2.sg.	iyert’işa	iyert’işa	iyert’işa
3.sg.	iyert’uşa	iyert’uşa	iyert’uşa
1.pl.	viyert’itşa	viyert’itşa	biyert’itşa
2.pl.	iyert’itşa	iyert’itşa	iyert’itşa
3.pl.	iyert’eşşa	iyert’eyşa	iyert’eyşa

subject	FN	AH-Sidere	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	biyert’işa ~ bivert’işa	bivert’i şkul	bivert’işi	vix’vert’işi
2.sg.	iyert’işa ~ ivert’işa	ivert’i şkul	ivert’işi	ix’vert’işi
3.sg.	iyert’uşa ~ ivert’uşa	ivert’u şkul	ivert’uşi	ix’vert’uşi
1.pl.	biyert’itşa ~ bivert’itşa	bivert’it şkul	bivert’itşi	vix’vert’itşi
2.pl.	iyert’itşa ~ ivert’itşa	ivert’it şkul	ivert’itşi	ix’vert’itşi
3.pl.	iyert’eşşa ~ ivert’eşşa	ivert’e şkul	ivert’e(ş)şi	ix’vert’eşşi

● The phoneme /r/ before {-t’-} is rarely prononced in central and eastern dialects.

●●● In the 3rdperson plural, phonemes /s/ and /z/ before /ş/ are realized as /ş/ by regressive assimilation or disappear completely.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.2.3.2. (AH)(HP)(ÇX) Converb meaning « until I become » etc

● (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) In western dialects and in Fındıklı, the converb meaning “until I become” etc is formed by {basic form of perfective + -şa} (→ 13.4.4.7.)

subject	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	bivert’işa	vix’vert’işa
2.sg.	ivert’işa	ix’vert’işa
3.sg.	ivert’uşa	ix’vert’uşa
1.pl.	bivert’itşa	vix’vert’itşa
2.pl.	ivert’itşa	ix’vert’itşa
3.pl.	ivert’eşşa	ix’vert’eşşa

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3. Imperfective optative mood

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3.1. Theoretic basic forms

Imperfective optative mood of verbs having perfective aspect is used with at least one affix forming, for example, prohibito-optative mood or converb in the optative mood. We indicate hereunder in grey letters the theoretic basic forms of imperfective optative mood which are obtained from complex forms.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East
1.sg.	viyert’a	viyert’a	biyert’a
2.sg.	iyert’a	iyert’a	iyert’a
3.sg.	iyert’as	iyert’ay	iyert’ay
1.pl.	viyert’at	viyert’at	biyert’at
2.pl.	iyert’at	iyert’at	iyert’at
3.pl.	iyert’an	iyert’an	iyert’an

subject	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	biyert’a ~ bivert’a	bivert’a	vix’vert’a
2.sg.	iyert’a ~ ivert’a	ivert’a	ix’vert’a
3.sg.	iyert’as ~ ivert’as	ivert’as	ix’vert’as
1.pl.	biyert’at ~ bivert’at	bivert’at	vix’vert’at
2.pl.	iyert’at ~ ivert’at	ivert’at	ix’vert’at
3.pl.	iyert’an ~ ivert’an	ivert’an	ix’vert’an

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3.2. Imperfective prohibito-optative mood　

« I wish it do not become » etc

Formation :

[A] (PZ) {mot- ~ mo- + perfective optative}(→ 13.3.1.5.2.)

[B] (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) {mot- ~ mo- ~ moy- + imperfective optative}

[C] (AK) {var- + perfective optative}(→ 13.3.1.5.2.)

Forms of the 2nd person are rarely used, probably because their meaning is very close to that of prohibitive mood (→ 13.3.1.1.2.). They are shown in tha table in grey letters.

subject	ÇM	AŞ
1.sg.	mo-viyert’a	moy-viyert’a ~ moy-biyert’a
2.sg.	mo-iyert’a	moy-iyert’a
3.sg.	mo-iyert’ay	moy-iyert’ay
1.pl.	mo-viyert’at	moy-viyert’at ~ moy-biyert’at
2.pl.	mo-iyert’at	moy-iyert’at
3.pl.	mo-iyert’an	moy-iyert’an

subject	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	mot-biyert’a ~ mot-bivert’a	mot-bivert’a	mo-vix’vert’a
2.sg.	mot-iyert’a ~ mot-ivert’a	mot-ivert’a	mo-ix’vert’a
3.sg.	mot-iyert’az ~ mot-ivert’az	mot-ivert’az	mo-ix’vert’as
1.pl.	mot-biyert’at ~ mot-bivert’at	mot-bivert’at	mo-vix’vert’at
2.pl.	mot-iyert’at ~ mot-ivert’at	mot-ivert’at	mo-ix’vert’at
3.pl.	mot-iyert’an ~ mot-ivert’an	mot-ivert’an	mo-ix’vert’an

● The phoneme /r/ before {-t’-} is rarely prononced in central and eastern dialects. Many Laz write mot-bivet’a, mot-ivet’a, mot-ivet’az etc.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3.3. Converbs in the imperfective optative mood

____________________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3.3.1. Converb meaning « when I become » etc (*)

(*) According to its formation, this converb should be always followed by a verb in the

present or future tenses. In fact, it can be followed also by a verb in the past tense.

●●● In the 3rdperson singular, the phonemes /s/ and /z/ before /ş/ are realized as /ş/ by regressive assimilation or disappear completely.

■ In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial syllable.

subject	PZ, ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East	FN
1.sg.	viyert’aşa	biyert’aşa	biyert’aşa ~ bivert’aşa
2.sg.	iyert’aşa	iyert’aşa	iyert’aşa ~ ivert’aşa
3.sg.	iyert’aşa	iyert’a(ş)şa	iyert’aşa ~ ivert’aşa
1.pl.	viyert’atşa	biyert’atşa	biyert’atşa ~ bivert’atşa
2.pl.	iyert’atşa	iyert’atşa	iyert’atşa ~ ivert’atşa
3.pl.	iyert’anşa	iyert’anşa	iyert’anşa ~ ivert’anşa

subject	AH-Sidere	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	bivert’a şkul	bivert’aşi	vix’vert’aşi
2.sg.	ivert’a şkul	ivert’aşi	ix’vert’aşi
3.sg.	ivert’a şkul	ivert’aşi	ix’vert’a(ş)şi
1.pl.	bivert’at şkul	bivert’atşi	vix’vert’atşi
2.pl.	ivert’at şkul	ivert’atşi	ix’vert’atşi
3.pl.	ivert’an şkul	ivert’anşi	ix’vert’anşi

● The phoneme /r/ before {-t’-} is rarely prononced in central and eastern dialects.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.3.3.2. (AH)(HP)(ÇX) Converb meaning « until I become » etc

Formation : {imperfective optative + -şa}(*)

(*){perfective optative + -şa} in (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) (→ 13.4.5.5.)

subject	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	bivert’aşa	vix’vert’aşa
2.sg.	ivert’aşa	ix’vert’aşa
3.sg.	ivert’aşa	ix’vert’a(ş)şa
1.pl.	bivert’atşa	vix’vert’atşa
2.pl.	ivert’atşa	ix’vert’atşa
3.pl.	ivert’anşa	ix’vert’anşa

● This converb of the dialects of Arhavi has the same morphology than that of the dialects of Fındıklı-East meaning « when I become » etc.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4. Perfective　

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.1. Basic form

« I became or I have become » etc

● The ancient stem of these verbs in all Laz dialects should be √-x’v-. In the greater part of central dialects (= Fındıklı and Arhavi), actual form of the stem is √-v-, because of the disparition of phoneme /x’/. The stem √-y-, observed in western dialects and in a part of Fındıklı, should be in the beginnig a epenthetical consonant between two vowels after the complete disparition of the original stem. In certain dialects of Ardeşen and Fındıklı, epenthetical consonant is not always prononced, so that the verb becomes « without stem ». (See → 13.8.6.)

■ In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-Est	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	viyi	viyi	biyi	biyi ~ bivi	bivi	vix’vi
2.sg.	iyi	iyi	iyi	iyi ~ ivi	ivi	ix’vi
3.sg.	iyu	iyu ~ iu	iyu ~ iu	iyu ~ ivu	ivu	ix’u
1.pl.	viyit	viyit	biyit	biyit ~ bivit	bivit	vix’vit
2.pl.	iyit	iyit	iyit	iyit ~ ivit	ivit	ix’vit
3.pl.	iyes	iyey	iyey	iyez ~ ivez	ivez	ix’vez

● Basic forms of perfective aspect of the verb « become » is very often preceded by affirmation profix {do-} ({d-} before /i/). See the table hereunder.

● (PZ) In the dialects of Pazar, affirmation profix {do-} takes the form {de-} before the 1st person marker {v-}.

■ Affirmation profix is always accented. If its vowel is elided, the syllable which is composed by the profix-consonant and the following vowel is accented.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	deviyi	doviyi	dobiyi	dobiyi ~ dobivi	dobivi	dovix’vi
2.sg.	diyi	diyi	diyi	diyi ~ divi	divi	dix’vi
3.sg.	diyu	diyu ~ diu	di(y)u	diyu ~ divu	divu	dix’u
1.pl.	deviyit	doviyit	dobiyit	dobiyit ~ dobivit	dobivit	dovix’vit
2.pl.	diyit	diyit	diyit	diyit ~ divit	divit	dix’vit
3.pl.	diyes	diyey	diyey	diyez ~ divez	divez	dix’vez

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.2. Imperative

« Become ! »

Imperative in Laz is always in the 2nd person. Its forms are homophonous with basic forms of perfective.

In order to express « I wish it become » etc., the Laz use optative mood.

Imperative is very often preceded by affirmation profix. In the table below, the profix is shown between parentheses.

■ In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial syllable, with or without profix.

subject	PZ, ÇM, AŞ	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.
2.sg.	(d)iyi	(d)iyi ~ (d)ivi	(d)ivi	(d)ix’vi
3.sg.
1.pl.
2.pl.	(d)iyit	(d)iyit ~ (d)ivit	(d)ivit	(d)ix’vit
3.pl.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.3. Perfective auditive

« they say that it has become » etc

Formation :

[A] (West・Centre)

basic form of perfective + -donu ~ -don (PZ)

-do (ÇM)

ø (?) (AŞ)

-doren (FN)(AH)

● In western dialects, auditive forms are used quasi-exclusively in tales.

[B] (East)

{basic form of perfective} - {multifunctional ending} + {-eren/-elen}

● In eastern dialects, the use of auditive forms is not limited in tales. They can be also in

the 1st person. In this case, they mean « I do not remember anything, but I should

become something » etc (because I was sleeping or I was under anaesthesia, or I was

dead drunk ......).

■ Accent is on the intial syllable. Besides, The first vowel /e/ of auditive marker is long.

subject	HP	ÇX
1.sg.	vix’vere	vix’vele ~ vix’vere
2.sg.	ix’vere	ix’vele ~ ix’vere
3.sg.	ix’veren	ix’velen ~ ix’veren
1.pl.	vix’veret	vix’velet ~ vix’veret
2.pl.	ix’veret	ix’velet ~ ix’veret
3.pl.	ix’verenan	ix’velenan ~ ix’verenan

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.4. Pluperfect

« I had become » etc

Formation :

[A] (West・Centre)

basic form of perfective + {-dot’u/ -dort’u/ -dot’t’un/ -dort’un}

[B] (East)

anteposed person marker + perfective stem + {-ere-}(1) + {-t’-} + multifunctional ending (2)

(1) in Çxala, {-ele-} if the stem is ending by /r/

(2) sg. {-i}{-i}{-u} ; pl.{-it}{-it}{-ez/es}

subject	PZ	ÇM	AŞ-Ok’ordule	FN-Ç’anapet
1.sg.	viyi-do(r)t’u	viyi-dort’u	biyi-dort’u	biyi-dort’un
2.sg.	iyi-do(r)t’u	iyi-dort’u	iyi-dort’u	iyi-dort’un
3.sg.	iyu-do(r)t’u	iyu-dort’u	iyu-dort’u	iyu-dort’un
1.pl.	viyit-do(r)t’u	viyit-dort’u	biyit-dort’u	biyit-dort’un
2.pl.	iyit-do(r)t’u	iyit-dort’u	iyit-dort’u	iyit-dort’un
3.pl.	iyes-do(r)t’u	iyey-dort’u	iyey-dort’u	iyez-dort’un

subject	FN-Ç’ennet	FN-Sumla, AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	biyi-dot’t’un	bivi-dort’un	vix’veret’i
2.sg.	iyi-dot’t’un	ivi-dort’un	ix’veret’i
3.sg.	iyu-dot’t’un	ivu-dort’un	ix’veret’u
1.pl.	biyit-dot’t’un	bivit-dort’un	vix’veret’it
2.pl.	iyit-dot’t’un	ivit-dort’un	ix’veret’it
3.pl.	iyez-dot’t’un	ivez-dort’un	ix’veret’ez ~ ix’veret’es

■ (West・Centre) Main accent is on the initial syllable of the verb. Secondary accent is on the first syllable of pluperfect marker. In Pazar, the first syllable of pluperfect marker -dot’u is long.

●●● Laz verbs are able to form extremely long complexes with prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes. In present study, morphemes which are phonematically and prosodically semi-independent - like the pluperfect marker - are written separated from other parts of verbal complex.

Some Laz join all elements of a verbal complex. Which of two spellings hereunder is easier for the lecture and the comprehension ?

(joined) Heşo divudort’uni ? (AH) Had it become so ?

(separated) Heşo divu-dort’un-i ? (AH)

As in the example shown above, the affirmation profix {do-} can be joined to the pluperfect. The interrogation marker {-i} is postposed to the pluperfect marker -dort’un.

■ (East) Accent is on the initial syllable. The first vowel /e/ of the pluperfect marker is long.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.5. Votive mood

« if only it had become ! » etc

Formation:

[A] (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)

basic forme of perfective + votive mood marker {-k’o}~{-k’on}

● In western dialects, the plural marker of 1st and 2nd persons {-t} is postfixed to the

votive mood marker, which is not the case of the dialects of Fındıklı.

In western dialects, the multifunctional marker {-es/ ey} (3rd person, plural and past

tense) and the votive mood marker have fused in the forms {-ek’es}(PZ), {-ek’oy}

(ÇM)(AŞ) and {-ek’os}(AŞ-Dutxe).

[B] (AH) The votive mood shows important differences among localities and even among

individuals in the dialects of Arhavi. Further researches are necessary on this

subject.

[C] (HP)(ÇX)

In these dialects, the votive mood derives from the perfective optative mood. (→ 13.3.1.5.)

● in Hopa, the votive mood marker is {-k’on/-k’onna}.

● in Çxala, the votive mood marker is {-k’o}.

■ (West・FN) In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial syllable.

subject	PZ	ÇM	AŞ-Ortaalan	FN-Ç’anapet	FN-Sumla
1.sg.	viyik’o	viyik’o	biyik’o	biyik’o	bivik’on
2.sg.	iyik’o	iyik’o	iyik’o	iyik’o	ivik’on
3.sg.	iyuk’o	iyuk’o	iyuk’o	iyuk’o	ivuk’on
1.pl.	viyik’ot	viyik’ot	biyik’ot	biyit’k’o	bivit’k’on
2.pl.	iyik’ot	iyik’ot	iyik’ot	iyit’k’o	ivit’k’on
3.pl.	iyek’es	iyek’oy	iyek’oy	iyesko	iveskon

■ (AH・East) The syllable containing the optative mood marker {-a-} is long.

subject	AH	HP	ÇX
1.sg.	bivat’i (k’o)	vix’vat’ik’on ~ vix’vat’ik’onna	vix’vat’ik’o
2.sg.	ivat’i (k’o)	ix’vat’ik’on ~ ix’vat’ik’onna	ix’vat’ik’o
3.sg.	ivat’u (k’o)	ix’vat’uk’on ~ ix’vat’uk’onna	ix’vat’uk’o
1.pl.	bivat’it (k’o)	vix’vat’it’k’on ~ vix’vat’it’k’onna	vix’vat’it’k’o
2.pl.	ivat’it (k’o)	ix’vat’it’k’on ~ ix’vat’it’k’onna	ix’vat’it’k’o
3.pl.	ivatez (k’o)	ix’vat’eskon ~ ix’vat’eskonna	ix’vat’esko

● The plural marker of 1st and 2nd persons {-t} becomes ejective /t’/ before the

ejective consonant /k’/.

● After /s/, the phoneme /k’/ loses its ejectivity and becomes /k/.

● The sentence-initial adverb k’o « if only » is used very frequently in votive expressions.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.4.6. Adverbial clauses in the perfective aspect

Divers adpositions are ante-, post- or circumposed to the basic form of perfective aspect and form adverbial clauses meaning « before he did » « when he did » « as soon as he did » etc. These adpositions are described in the sub-chapter 13.4. (conjugation of) « Actional verbs I indicative mood ». (→ 13.4.4.7.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.5. Perfective optative mood

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.5.1. Basic forms

« let him become ! » etc

(Some Laz use systematically the imperative mood 2nd person forms instead of the perfective optative mood 2nd person forms.)

Formation :

anteposed person marker {b-/v-}{ø-}{ø-}

pre-stem {i-}

stem √-y-/-v-/-x’v-

optative mood marker {-a-}

multifunctional ending (1) {-ø}{-ø}{-z/s} ;{-t}{-t}{-an}(2)

(1) marker of person, number and present tense

(2) in the 3rd person plural, {-a-} + {-an} = /an/

■ In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial syllable.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	viya	viya	biya	biya ~ biva	biva	vix’va
2.sg.	iya	iya	iya	iya ~ iva	iva	ix’va
3.sg.	iyas	iyay	iyay	iyaz ~ ivaz	iva	ix’vaz
1.pl.	viyat	viyat	biyat	biyat ~ bivat	bivat	vix’vat
2.pl.	iyat	iyat	iyat	iyat ~ ivat	ivat	ix’vat
3.pl.	iyan	iyan	iyan	iyan ~ ivan	ivan	ix’van

●●● The perfective optative mood of the verb « become » takes as often as not the affirmation profix {do-}(1)(2). See the table below.

● (1) {d-} before /i/.

● (2) (PZ) {de-} before the person marker {v-}.

■ In all forms shown below, accent is on the initial syllable.

subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	deviya	doviya	dobiya	dobiya ~ dobiva	dobiva	dovix’va
2.sg.	diya	diya	diya	diya ~ diva	diva	dix’va
3.sg.	diyas	diyay	diyay	diyaz ~ diva	divaz	dix’vaz
1.pl.	deviyat	doviyat	dobiyat	dobiyat ~ dobivat	dobivat	dovix’vat
2.pl.	diyat	diyat	diyat	diyat ~ divat	divat	dix’vat
3.pl.	diyan	diyan	diyan	diyan ~ divan	divan	dix’van

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.5.2. (PZ)(AK) Perfectıve prohibito-optative mood　

In the dialects of Pazar and Akçakoca, the prohibito-optative mood of this verb derives from the perfective optative mood.

subject	PZ	AK
1.sg.	mot-viya	var-vix’va
2.sg.	mot-iya	var-ix’va
3.sg.	mot-iyas	var-ix’vas
1.pl.	mot-viyat	var-vix’vat
2.pl.	mot-iyat	var-ix’vat
3.pl.	mot-iyan	var-ix’van

●●● (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)ÇX) In all Laz speaking area except Pazar, the prohibito-optative mood is formed from the imperfective optative mood. (→ 13.3.1.3.2.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.5.3. Adverbial clauses in the perfective optative mood

Divers adpositions are ante-, post- or circumposed to the basic form of the perfective optative mood and form adverbial clauses in the future tense meaning « before he does » « when he will do » « as soon as he does » etc. These adpositions are described in the sub-chapter 13.4. (conjugation of) « Actional verbs I indicative mood ». (→ 13.4.5.5.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.6. Future tense

The future tense in laz derives from the optative mood.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.6.1. Basic forms

« I shall become » etc

■ In all forms shown below, the syllable containing the optative mood marker {-a-} is accented and long.

subject	PZ-West・centre	PZ-East, AŞ-West	ÇM	AŞ, FN-Ç’anapet
1.sg.	viyare	viyare	viyar	biyare
2.sg.	iyare	iyare	iyar	iyare
3.sg.	iyasere	iyasen	iyasen	iyasen
1.pl.	viyatere	viyaten	viyaten	biyaten
2.pl.	iyatere	iyaten	iyaten	iyaten
3.pl.	iyanere ~ iyanene	iyanen	iyanen	iyanen

subject	FN-Sumla	AH-Jin-Napşit	AH-Centre	HP-Mxigi
1.sg.	bivare	bivar	bivare	vix’vaminon
2.sg.	ivare	ivar	ivare	ix’vaginon
3.sg.	ivasen	ivasen	ivasen	ix’vasunon
1.pl.	bivaten	bivaten	bivaten	vix’vatminonan
2.pl.	ivaten	ivaten	ivaten	ix’vatginonan
3.pl.	ivanen	ivanon	ivanoren	ix’vasunonan

subject	HP-Makreal	HP-Sarp	ÇX
1.sg.	vix’vaminon	vix’vaminon	vix’vaun ~ vix’vaunon
2.sg.	ix’vaginon	ix’vaginon	ix’vaun ~ ix’vaunon
3.sg.	ix’vasinon	ix’vasiyon	ix’vasun ~ ix’vasunon
1.pl.	vix’vaminonan	vix’vaminonan	vix’vatun ~ vix’vatunon
2.pl.	ix’vaginonan	ix’vaginonan	ix’vatun ~ ix’vatunon
3.pl.	ix’vasinonan	ix’vasiyonan	ix’vanun ~ ix’vanunon

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.6.2. Future in the past

« he was going to become » etc

The formation of « future in the past » is parallel to that of the future tense. It shows a great regional divergence.

● (AH) The dialects of Arhavi have no specific form of « future in the past ».

The imperfective past tense is used there in order to express the « future in the past » .

■ In all forms shown below, the syllable containing the optative mood marker {-a-} is accented and long.

subject	PZ, ÇM, AŞ-West	AŞ-East	FN-Ç’anapet	FN-Sumla
1.sg.	viyart’u	biyart’u	biyat’t’i	bivat’i
2.sg.	iyart’u	iyart’u	iyat’t’i	ivat’i
3.sg.	iyasert’u	iyasert’u	iyastun	ivat’u
1.pl.	viyatert’u	biyatert’u	biyat’t’it	bivat’it
2.pl.	iyatert’u	iyatert’u	iyat’t’it	ivat’it
3.pl.	iyanert’u	iyanert’u	iyat’t’ez	ivat’ez

subject	AH	HP-Mxigi	HP-Makreal	ÇX
1.sg.		vix’vamint’u	vix’vamint’u	vix’vaunt’u
2.sg.		ix’vagint’u	ix’vagint’u	ix’vaunt’u
3.sg.		ix’vasunt’u	ix’vasint’u	ix’vasunt’u
1.pl.		vix’vatmint’es	vix’vamint’es	vix’vatunt’es
2.pl.		ix’vatgint’es	ix’vagint’es	ix’vatunt’es
3.pl.		ix’vasunt’es	ix’vasint’es	ix’vanunt’es

● (FN) In the dialects of the villages of Ç’anapet, Manaster, Andravat, Ç’urç’ava etc in Fındıklı, the ending {-tun} of the 3rd person singulr form iyastun is irregular. It is normal in Laz that the phoneme /t’/ loses its ejectivity after /s/. But the presence of epithetical consonant /n/ remains enigmatic.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.1.6.3. (ÇM)(AŞ) Adverbial clause　

« Shortly before he becomes »

In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin-Ardeşen, the subordinative conjunction p’ri, anteposed to verbs in the future tense, constructs adverbial clauses expressing immediate anteriority of a fact with regard to another fact in the future.

Him p’ri t’oxt’ori iyasen, Alamanyaşa go3’omilu şeni idasen. (ÇM-Ğvant)(1)

Him p’ri doktori iyasen, Alamanyaşa tetkiki şeni idasen. (AŞ-Ok’ordule)(2)

« He will go to Germany for his period of probation shortly before he becomes doctor. »

(1) This sentence is given by Seçkin Yeniçırak.

(2) This sentence is given by Tahsin Ocaklı.

idasen = multi-stemmed verb ulun (go) in the future tense 3rd pers. sg. (→ 13.8.5.)

● The conjunction p’ri is described also in the sub-chapter 13.4. (conjugation of actional verbs). (→ 13.4.4.7., 13.4.5.5., 13.4.6.3.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2. ayen/ aen ~ aven ~ ax’ven ~ ax’vapun

13.3.2.1. Imperfective present

13.3.2.2. Imperfective past tense

13.3.2.3. Imperfective optative mood

13.3.2.4. Perfective

13.3.2.5. Perfective optative mood

13.3.2.6. Future

Three verbs having in common the form ayen/ aen ~ aven ~ ax’ven ~ ax’vapun - the ADP evolutional verb, the AD evolutional verb, the DP evolutional verb - are grosso modo homophonous. But there are considerable differences in their conjugation systems.

The AD evolutional verb, governing the subject in the absolutive case, is conjugated solely in the 3rd person.

The conjugation of DP evolutional verb is monopersonal.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.1. Imperfective present

[A] ADP evolutional verb

« he is of such a relationship with me » etc

(ÇM-M3’anu)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gayer	gayerte	vayer
2.sg.	mayer	mayerte			ayer
3.sg.	mayen	mayeran	gayen	gayeran	ayen
1.pl.			gayerte		vayerte
2.pl.	mayerte				ayerte
3.pl.	mayeran		gayeran		ayeran

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaer	gaert	baer
2.sg.	maer	maert			aer
3.sg.	maen	maenan	gaen	gaenan	aen
1.pl.			gaert		baert
2.pl.	maert				aert
3.pl.	maenan		gaenan		aenan

●●● (FN) In certain dialects of Fındıklı, for example in Ç’anapet, epenthetical

consonant /y/ does not appear where the consonant group /x’v/ has been lost. In this

case, two vowels follow one another.

In the dialects where the epenthetical consonant appears regularly, forms like mayer,

mayen ... are observed.

(AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaver	gavert	baver
2.sg.	maver	mavert			aver
3.sg.	maven	mavenan	gaven	gavenan	aven
1.pl.			gavert		bavert
2.pl.	mavert				avert
3.pl.	mavenan		gavenan		avenan

(HP)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gax’ver	gax’vert	vax’ver
2.sg.	max’ver	max’vert			ax’ver
3.sg.	max’ven	max’venan	gax’ven	gax’venan	ax’ven
1.pl.			gax’vert		vax’vert
2.pl.	max’vert				ax’vert
3.pl.	max’venan		gax’venan		ax’venan

Si ma cuma mayer. (West)(FN) You are my brother. (*)

~ Si ma cuma maver. (Centre)

~ Si ma cuma max’ver. (East)

(*) The sentence means often : « I love you as if you were my brother. »

[B] AD evolutional verb

« I shall have soon a baby (or the harvest of an agricultural produce) » etc

(PZ)(ÇM)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mayen	mayeran	gayen	gayeran	ayen
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mayeran		gayeran		ayeran

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	maen	maenan	gaen	gaenan	aen
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	maenan		gaenan		aenan

(AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	maven	mavenan	gaven	gavenan	avenan
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mavenan		gavenan		avenan

(HP)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	max’ven	max’venan	gax’ven	gax’venan	ax’venan
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	max’venan		gax’venan		ax’venan

Ar biç’i bere mayeran. (PZ)(ÇM) We shall have (soon) a male baby.

~ Ar biç’i bere mayenan. (AŞ)(FN)

~ Ar biç’i bere mavenan. (FN)(AH)

~ Ar biç’i bere max’venan. (HP)(ÇX)

● Even if the birth is expected after six or seven months, the AD evolutional verb is

conjugated in the present tense.

[C] DP evolutional verb

« I get (cold), I am going to be (late), I am (ashamed) » etc

subject in the dative	PZ, ÇM	AŞ	FN	AH	HP
1.sg.	mayen	mayen	ma(y)en ~ maven	maven	max’ven
2.sg.	gayen	gayen	ga(y)en ~ gaven	gaven	gax’ven
3.sg.	ayen	ayen	a(y)en ~ aven	aven	ax’ven
1.pl.	mayeran	mayenan	ma(y)enan ~ mavenan	mavenan	max’venan
2.pl.	gayeran	gayenan	ga(y)enan ~ gavenan	gavenan	gax’venan
3.pl.	ayeran	ayenan	a(y)enan ~ avenan	avenan	ax’venan

İni gayen. (West)(FN) You are going to get cold.

~ İni gaen. (FN)

~ İni gaven. (FN)(AH)

~ İni gax’ven. (HP)(ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.2. Imperfective past tense

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.2.1. Basic forms 　

We show here the conjugation of the ADP evolutional verb in divers dialects.

« he was of such a relationship with me » etc

(PZ)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gayert’i	gayert’it	vayert’i
2.sg.	mayert’i	mayert’it			ayert’i
3.sg.	mayert’u	mayert’es	gayert’u	gayert’es	ayert’u
1.pl.			gayert’it		vayert’it
2.pl.	mayert’it				ayert’it
3.pl.	mayert’es		gayert’es		ayert’es

(FN-Ç’ennet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaet’t’i	gaet’t’it	baet’t’i
2.sg.	maet’t’i	maet’t’it			aet’t’i
3.sg.	maet’t’u	maet’t’ez	gaet’t’u	gaet’t’ez	aet’t’u
1.pl.			gaet’t’it		baet’t’it
2.pl.	maet’t’it				aet’t’it
3.pl.	maet’t’ez		gaet’t’ez		aet’t’ez

● In certain dialects of Fındıklı, the phoneme /r/ goes regularly through regressive assimilation before all plosive alveolar and postalveolar consonants such as /t’/, /z*/, /c/ etc.

(AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gavert’i	gavert’it	bavert’i
2.sg.	mavert’i	mavert’it			avert’i
3.sg.	mavert’u	mavert’ez	gavert’u	gavert’ez	avert’u
1.pl.			gavert’it		bavert’it
2.pl.	mavert’it				avert’it
3.pl.	mavert’ez		gavert’ez		avert’ez

● In central and eastern dialects, the phoneme /r/ disappears very often before {-t’-}.

Many Laz write bavet’i, avet’i etc.

(Est)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gax’vert’i	gax’vert’it	vax’vert’i
2.sg.	max’vert’i	max’vert’it			ax’vert’i
3.sg.	max’vert’u	max’vert’ez	gax’vert’u	gax’vert’ez	ax’vert’u
1.pl.			gax’vert’it		vax’vert’it
2.pl.	max’vert’it				ax’vert’it
3.pl.	max’vert’ez		gax’vert’ez		ax’vert’ez

● (HP) In the dialects of Hopa, the phoneme /r/ disappears very often before {t’}. Many Laz write vax’vet’i, ax’vet’i ... etc.

● (ÇX) In laz, there is no phonological opposition between /z/ and /s/ at the end of word. In the dialects of Çxala (and in a part of Hopa), pronunciation such as max’vert’es, gax’vert’es, ax’vert’es etc is normal.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.2.2. Imperfective auditive past tense

Same formation for all verbs :

imperfective auditive past tense = imperfective past tense + auditive marker (*)

(*) -don(u)(PZ) ~ -do (ÇM) ~ -doren (FN)(AH) ; -ren (HP) ; {-eren/-elen} (ÇX)

Voir 13.1.2.2.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.2.3. Converbs in the imperfective past tense

Same formation for all verbs :

converb in the imperfective past tense = imperfective past tense +

{-şa} (West)(FN)

{-şkul} (AH-sud-west)

{-şi}　 (AH-centre)(East)

Voir 13.1.2.3.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3. Imperfective optative mood

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3.1. Basic forms

Imperfective optative mood of verbs having perfective aspect is used with at least an affix and forms, for example, prohibito-optative mood or converbs in the optative mood. We show in the table below in grey letters the theoretical imperfective optative mood basic forms of the « ADP evolutional verb » which are obtained from complex forms.

(PZ)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gayert’a	gayert’at	vayert’a
2.sg.	mayert’a	mayert’at			ayert’a
3.sg.	mayert’as	mayert’an	gayert’as	gayert’an	ayert’as
1.pl.			gayert’at		vayert’at
2.pl.	mayert’at				ayert’at
3.pl.	mayert’an		gayert’an		ayert’an

(FN-Ç’ennet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaet’t’a	gat’rt’at	baet’t’a
2.sg.	maet’t’a	maet’t’at			aet’t’a
3.sg.	maet’t’az	maet’t’an	gaet’t’az	gaet’t’an	aet’t’az
1.pl.			gaet’t’at		baet’t’at
2.pl.	maet’t’at				aet’t’at
3.pl.	maet’t’an		gaet’t’an		aet’t’an

● In certain dialects of Fındıklı, the phoneme /r/ goes regularly through regressive assimilation before all plosive alveolar and postalveolar cnsonants such as /t’/, /z*/, /c/ etc.

(FN-East・AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gavert’a	gavert’at	bavert’a
2.sg.	mavert’a	mavert’at			avert’a
3.sg.	mavert’az	mavert’an	gavert’az	gavert’an	avert’az
1.pl.			gavert’at		bavert’at
2.pl.	mavert’at				avert’at
3.pl.	mavert’an		gavert’an		avert’an

● In central and eastern dialects, /r/ before {-t’-} disappears bery often. Many Laz write bavet’a, avet’a etc.

(East)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gax’vert’a	gax’vert’at	vax’vert’a
2.sg.	max’vert’a	max’vert’at			ax’vert’a
3.sg.	max’vert’az	max’vert’an	gax’vert’az	gax’vert’an	ax’vert’az
1.pl.			gax’vert’at		vax’vert’at
2.pl.	max’vert’at				ax’vert’at
3.pl.	max’vert’an		gax’vert’an		ax’vert’an

● (HP) In the dialects of Hopa, the phoneme /r/ disappears very often before {-t’-}. Many Laz write vax’vet’a, ax’vet’a etc.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3.2. Imperfectıve prohibito-optative mood (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) (*)

Formation : {mo ~ mot ~ moy} + imperfective optative mood (basic form)

(*)(PZ)(AK) In Pazar and Akçakoca, prohibito-optative mood derives from perfective optative mood. (→ 13.3.2.5.2.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADP evolutional verb

Construction : ADP { absolutive subject + dative complement + predicate}

Ahmedi sica mo mayert’ay ! (AŞ) Do not let Amedi become my son-in-law !

~ Amedi sica mot-mavert’az ! (AH)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DP evolutional verb

Construction : DP {dative subject + predicate}

İni mo-gayert’ay. (ÇM)(AŞ) Do not get cold ! (1)

~ İni mot-gaert’az. (FN)

~ İni mot-gaet’t’az. (FN)

~ İni mot-gave(r)t’az. (FN)(AH)

~ X’ini mo-gax’ve(r)t’az. (East)

(1) word-to-word : « Do not let it be cold for you ! »

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3.3. Converbs in the imperfective optative mood

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3.3.1. Converb expressing the simultaneity in the future or present

In a given dialect, the formation of converb of simultaneity in the imperfective optative mood is the same for all verbs having the perfective aspect (it means generally « when he will do ; when he does ») :

imperfective optative mood (basic form) + {-şa} (West)(FN)

{ şkul} (AH south-west)

{-şi}　 (AH centre)(East)

Converbs of this type are described in the sub-chapter of Actional verbs (→ 13.4.3.3.).

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.3.3.2. (AH)(HP)(ÇX) Converbs meaning in the future « until he is of kin to someone » etc and « until he has a baby » etc

Formation : imperfective optative mood + {-şa} (*)

(*) (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) perfective optative mood + {-şa} (→ 13.4.5.5.)

In the dialects of Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala, converbs of this type, which derive from verbs having the perfective aspect, mean generally « until he does » in the future tense.

subject	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	mave(r)t’aşa	max’ve(r)t’aşa
2.sg.	gave(r)t’aşa	gax’ve(r)t’aşa
3.sg.	ave(r)t’aşa	ax’ve(r)t’a(ş)şa
1.pl.	mave(r)t’atşa	max’ve(r)t’atşa
2.pl.	gave(r)t’atşa	gax’ve(r)t’atşa
3.pl.	ave(r)t’anşa	ax’ve(r)t’anşa

ma bere mave(r)t’aşa (AH) until I have a child

ma bere max’ve(r)t’aşa (HP)(ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4. Perfective

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.1. Basic forms

[A] The ADP evolutional verb can be perfective only in the optative mood.

[B] AD evolutional verb

« he has got (a child) » « he has got (harvest) »

(West)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mayu	mayes ~ mayey	gayu	gayes ~ gayey	ayu
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mayes ~ mayey		gayes ~ gayey		ayes ~ ayey

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mau	maez	gau	gaez	au
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	maez		gaez		aez

●●● In Fındıklı, mayu, mayez, gayu, gayez, ayu, ayez in certain dialects.

(FN - East part)(AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mavu	mavez	gavu	gavez	avu
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mavez		gavez		avez

(East)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	max’u	max’vez	gax’u	gax’vez	ax’u
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	max’vez		gax’vez		ax’vez

[C] DP evolutional verb

« he has got (cold) » « he is (late) » « he is (ashamed) » etc

subject in the dative	PZ	ÇM, AŞ	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	mayu	mayu	mayu ~ mau ~ mavu	mavu	max’u
2.sg.	gayu	gayu	gayu ~ gau ~ gavu	gavu	gax’u
3.sg.	ayu	ayu	ayu ~ au ~ avu	avu	ax’u
1.pl.	mayes	mayey	mayez ~ maez ~ mavez	mavez	max’vez
2.pl.	gayes	gayey	gayez ~ gaez ~ gavez	gavez	gax’vez
3.pl.	ayes	ayey	ayez ~ aez ~ avez	avez	ax’vez

İni mayu. (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) I have got cold.

~ İni mau. (FN)

~ İni mavu. (FN)(AH)

~ X’ini max’u. (HP)(ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.2. Imperative

The “ADP evolutional verb”, the “AD evolutional verb” and the “DP evolutional verb” have no imperative mood.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.3. Perfective auditive

Formation :

Perfective (basic form) + -don(u) (PZ)

-do (ÇM)

-doren (FN)(AH)

{-eren} (HP)

{-eren/-elen} (ÇX)

In a given dialect, the perfective auditive of all verbs has the same formation .

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.4. Pluperfect

Formation :

[A] (West・Centre)

perfective (basic form) + {-dot’u/ -dort’u/ -dot’t’un/ -dort’un}

[B] (East)

anteposed person marker

+ perfective stem

+ {-ere-} or {-ele-}(1)

+ {-t’-}

+ multifunctioned ending (= marker of person, number and past tense)

(1) {-ele-} in Çxala, if the stem ends by /r/.

The pluperfect tense of all verbs has the same formation in a given dialect.

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.5. Votive mood

Formation :

[A] (West)(FN)

perfective (basic form) + votive mood marker {-k’o}~{-k’on}

[B] (AH) The votive mood shows important differences among localities and even among

individuals in the dialects of Arhavi. Further researches are necessary on this

subject.

[C] (East)

The votive mood derives from perfective optative mood (→ 13.3.2.5.).

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.4.6. Adverbial clauses in the perfective aspect

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.5. Perfective optative mood

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.5.1. Basic forms

[A] ADP evolutional verb

« let him be of my kin » etc

(West)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaya	gayat	vaya ~ baya
2.sg.	maya	mayat			aya
3.sg.	mayas ~ mayay	mayan	gayas ~ gayay	gayan	ayas ~ ayay
1.pl.			gayat		vayat ~ bayat
2.pl.	mayat				ayat
3.pl.	mayan		gayan		ayan

(FN-Ç’anapet, Ç’ennet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gaa	gaat	baa
2.sg.	maa	maat			(d)aa (*)
3.sg.	maaz	maan	gaaz	gaan	aaz
1.pl.			gaat		baat
2.pl.	maat				aat
3.pl.	maan		gaan		aan

(*) Sole the form daa with affirmation profix is observed. Other forms can be preceded or not by the profix. The form “aa” should be too short to be understandable.

●●● In Fındıklı, there are some dialects having forms such as maya, mayaz, mayat, mayan ; gaya, gayaz, gayat, gayan ; aya, ayaz, ayat, ayan etc.

(FN East part・AH)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gava	gavat	bava
2.sg.	mava	mavat			ava
3.sg.	mavaz	mavan	gavaz	gavan	avaz
1.pl.			gavat		bavat
2.pl.	mavat				avat
3.pl.	mavan		gavan		avan

(East)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.			gax’va	gax’vat	vax’va
2.sg.	max’va	max’vat			ax’va
3.sg.	max’az	max’van	gax’az	gax’van	ax’az
1.pl.			gax’vat		vax’vat
2.pl.	max’vat				ax’vat
3.pl.	max’van		gax’van		ax’van

[B] AD evolutional verb

« let him get (a child) » « let him get (harvest) » etc

(West)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mayas ~ mayay	mayan	gayas ~ gayay	gayan	ayas ~ ayay
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mayan		gayan		ayan

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	maaz	maan	gaaz	gaan	aaz
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	maan		gaan		aan

●●● In Fındıklı, some dialects have forms such as mayaz, mayan ; gayaz, gayan ; ayaz, ayan etc.

(Centre)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	mavaz	mavan	gavaz	gavan	avaz
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	mavan		gavan		avan

(East)

subject	dative complement
subject	1.sg.	1.pl.	2.sg.	2.pl.	3.sg.・pl.
1.sg.
2.sg.
3.sg.	max’vaz	max’van	gax’vaz	gax’van	ax’vaz
1.pl.
2.pl.
3.pl.	max’van		gax’van		ax’van

[C] DP evolutional verb

« let him get (cold) » « let him be (late) » « let him be (ashamed) » etc

dative subject	PZ	ÇM, AŞ	FN	AH	HP, ÇX
1.sg.	mayas	mayay	mayaz ~ maaz ~ mavaz	mavaz	max’vaz
2.sg.	gayas	gayay	gayaz ~ gaaz ~ gavaz	gavaz	gax’vaz
3.sg.	ayas	ayay	ayaz ~ aaz ~ avaz	avaz	ax’vaz
1.pl.	mayan	mayan	mayan ~ maan ~ mavan	mavan	max’van
2.pl.	gayan	gayan	gayan ~ gaan ~ gavan	gavan	gax’van
3.pl.	ayan	ayan	ayan ~ aan ~ avan	avan	ax’van

Oncğore gayas. (PZ) Be ashamed !

~ Oncğor gayay. (ÇM)

~ Oncğore gayay. (AŞ)

~ Oncğore gayaz. (FN)

~ Oncğore gaaz. (FN)

~ Oncğore gavaz. (FN)(AH)

~ Oncğor gavas. (AH-Pilarget)

~ Oncğore gax’vaz/gax’vas. (HP)(ÇX)

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13.3.2.5.2. (PZ)(AK) Perfective prohibito-optative mood　

In Pazar and Akçakoca, prohibito-optative mood of this verb is formed from perfective optative mood.

dative subject	PZ	AK
1.sg.	mot-mayas	var-max’vas
2.sg.	mot-gayas	var-gax’vas
3.sg.	mot-ayas	var-ax’vas
1.pl.	mot-mayan	var-max’van
2.pl.	mot-gayan	var-gax’van
3.pl.	mot-ayan	var-ax’van

●●● (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) In all areas except Pazar, prohibito-optative mood is formed from imperfective optative mood. (→ 13.3.2.3.2.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.5.3. Adverbial clauses in the perfective optative mood

Divers adpositions are ante-, post- or circumposed to the basic form of perfective aspect and form adverbial clauses meaning in the future tense « before he does » « when he will do » « as soon as he does » etc. These adpositions are described in the sub-chapter 13.4. (conjugation of) « Actional verbs I indicative mood ». (→ 13.4.4.7.)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.2.6. Future

İni gayasere. (PZ) You will get cold.

~ İni gayasen. (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)

~ İni gaasen. (FN-Ç’anapet, Ç’ennet)

~ İni gavasen. (FN)(AH)

~ X’ini gax’vasinon. (HP-centre)

~ X’ini gax’vasun. (ÇX)

●●● (1) Old forms of future tense are observed in some proverbs or curses. Ex. : O-na na var-gapelaseren do ğurzuli na ga(v)aseren ! (FN-Ç’anapet) “Let it be poison for you ! ”

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13.3.3. Dø evolutional verbs

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.3.1. adven^[1] « (an animal) gets rutted »

(PZ)

subject	imperfective			perfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood	simple (*)	optative
3.sg.	adven	advert’u	advert’as	adu	advas
3.pl.	adveran	advert’es	advert’an	adves	advan

(*) simple perfective = basic perfective form

(ÇM)(AŞ)

subject	imperfective			perfective
subject	present	past	optative	simple	optative
3.sg.	adven	advert’u	advert’ay	adu	advay
3.pl.	adveran ~ advenan	advert’ey	advert’an	advey	advan

(Centre・Est)

subject	imperfective			perfective
subject	present	past a	optative	simple	optative
3.sg.	adven	adve(r)t’u	adve(r)t’az	adu	advaz
3.pl.	advenan	adve(r)t’ez	adve(r)t’an	advez	advan

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13.3.3.2. dvanç’inen (West) ~ daç’k’inen (FN-Ç’anapet) ~ daç’k’inden (FN)(AH)(HP) ~ dvaç’k’inden (ÇX) « he gets tired »

■ Thousands of verbal complexes have several successive accents in Laz language. This verb is an example among them : the preverb is accented ; the syllable containing the pre-stem {a-} is accented with a high tone ; besides, the syllable containing the optative marker {-a-} is long and accented in all forms of future tense.

(PZ-west part)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	domanç’inen	domanç’inert’u	domanç’inert’as
2.sg.	doganç’inen	doganç’inert’u	doganç’inert’as
3.sg.	dvanç’inen	dvanç’inert’u	dvanç’inert’as
1.pl.	domanç’ineran	domanç’inert’es	domanç’inert’an
2.pl.	doganç’ineran	doganç’inert’es	doganç’inert’an
3.pl.	dvanç’ineran	dvanç’inert’es	dvanç’inert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domanç’inu	domanç’inas	domanç’inasere
2.sg.	doganç’inu	doganç’inas	doganç’inasere
3.sg.	dvanç’inu	dvanç’inas	dvanç’inasere
1.pl.	domanç’ines	domanç’inan	domanç’inanene (*)
2.pl.	doganç’ines	doganç’inan	doganç’inanene (*)
3.pl.	dvanç’ines	dvanç’inan	dvanç’inanene (*)

(*) or domanç’inanere, doganç’inanere, dvanç’inanere.

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	domaç’k’inen	domaç’k’inert’u	domaç’k’inert’az
2.sg.	dogaç’k’inen	dogaç’k’inert’u	dogaç’k’inert’az
3.sg.	daç’k’inen	daç’k’inert’u	daç’k’inert’az
1.pl.	domaç’k’inenan	domaç’k’inert’ez	domaç’k’inert’an
2.pl.	dogaç’k’inenan	dogaç’k’inert’ez	dogaç’k’inert’an
3.pl.	daç’k’inenan	daç’k’inert’ez	daç’k’inert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’k’inu	domaç’k’inaz	domaç’k’inasen
2.sg.	dogaç’k’inu	dogaç’k’inaz	dogaç’k’inasen
3.sg.	daç’k’inu	daç’k’inaz	daç’k’inasen
1.pl.	domaç’k’inez	domaç’k’inan	domaç’k’inanen
2.pl.	dogaç’k’inez	dogaç’k’inan	dogaç’k’inanen
3.pl.	daç’k’inez	daç’k’inan	daç’k’inanen

(AH)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	domaç’k’inden	domaç’k’indet’u	domaç’k’indet’az
2.sg.	dogaç’k’inden	dogaç’k’indet’u	dogaç’k’indet’az
3.sg.	daç’k’inden	daç’k’indet’u	daç’k’indet’az
1.pl.	domaç’k’indenan	domaç’k’indet’ez	domaç’k’indet’an
2.pl.	dogaç’k’indenan	dogaç’k’indet’ez	dogaç’k’indet’an
3.pl.	daç’k’indenan	daç’k’indet’ez	daç’k’indet’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’k’indu	domaç’k’indaz	domaç’k’indasen
2.sg.	dogaç’k’indu	dogaç’k’indaz	dogaç’k’indasen
3.sg.	daç’k’indu	daç’k’indaz	daç’k’indasen
1.pl.	domaç’k’indez	domaç’k’indan	domaç’k’indanen
2.pl.	dogaç’k’indez	dogaç’k’indan	dogaç’k’indanen
3.pl.	daç’k’indez	daç’k’indan	daç’k’indanen

(ÇX)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	domaç’k’inden	domaç’k’indet’u	domaç’k’indet’as
2.sg.	dogaç’k’inden	dogaç’k’indet’u	dogaç’k’indet’as
3.sg.	dvaç’k’inden	dvaç’k’indet’u	dvaç’k’indet’as
1.pl.	domaç’k’indenan	domaç’k’indet’es	domaç’k’indet’an
2.pl.	dogaç’k’indenan	dogaç’k’indet’es	dogaç’k’indet’an
3.pl.	dvaç’k’indenan	dvaç’k’indet’es	dvaç’k’indet’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	domaç’k’indu	domaç’k’indas	domaç’k’indasun
2.sg.	dogaç’k’indu	dogaç’k’indas	dogaç’k’indasun
3.sg.	dvaç’k’indu	dvaç’k’indas	dvaç’k’indasun
1.pl.	domaç’k’indes	domaç’k’indan	domaç’k’indanun
2.pl.	dogaç’k’indes	dogaç’k’indan	dogaç’k’indanun
3.pl.	dvaç’k’indes	dvaç’k’indan	dvaç’k’indanun

Basic perfective forms (= simple perfective) express the actual state : « he is tired now »

Complexe perfective forms express a former state : « he was tired »

Complex perfective in the 3rd person plural has forms shown below.

dvanç’ines-dot’u (PZ) « they were tired »

dvanç’iney-dort’u (ÇM-Ğvant)

daç’k’inez-dort’un (FN-Ç’anapet)

daç’k’indez-dot’t’un (FN-Ç’ennet)

daç’k’indez-dort’un (AH)

daç’k’inderet’ez (HP)

dvaç’k’inderet’es (ÇX)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.3.3. açinden ~ açindren « he sneezes »

■ The second syllable is accented in all formsshown below. Besides, in the future tense, the syllable /-da-/ - containing the optative marker {-a-} - is long and accented.

(ÇM)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	maçindren	maçindrert’u	maçindrert’ay
2.sg.	gaçindren	gaçindrert’u	gaçindrert’ay
3.sg.	açindren	açindrert’u	açindrert’ay
1.pl.	maçindreran	maçindrert’ey	maçindrert’an
2.pl.	gaçindreran	gaçindrert’ey	gaçindrert’an
3.pl.	açindreran	açindrert’ey	açindrert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	maçindru	maçindray	maçindrasen
2.sg.	gaçindru	gaçindray	gaçindrasen
3.sg.	açindru	açindray	açindrasen
1.pl.	maçindrey	maçindran	maçindranen
2.pl.	gaçindrey	gaçindran	gaçindranen
3.pl.	açindrey	açindran	açindranen

(AH centre)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	maçinden	maçindet’u	maçindet’az
2.sg.	gaçinden	gaçindet’u	gaçindet’az
3.sg.	açinden	açindet’u	açindet’az
1.pl.	maçindenan	maçindet’ez	maçindet’an
2.pl.	gaçindenan	gaçindet’ez	gaçindet’an
3.pl.	açindenan	açindet’ez	açindet’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	maçindu	maçindaz	maçindasen
2.sg.	gaçindu	gaçindaz	gaçindasen
3.sg.	açindu	açindaz	açindasen
1.pl.	maçindez	maçindan	maçindanoren
2.pl.	gaçindez	gaçndan	gaçindanoren
3.pl.	açindez	açindan	açindanoren

____________________________________ __________________________________

13.3.4. D.Cog evolutional verbs (dative subject + cognate complement)

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.4.1. ambinen ~ auminen ~ ax’ominen « he gets thirsty »

(AŞ)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mambinen	mambinert’u	mambinert’ay
2.sg.	gambinen	gambinert’u	gambinert’ay
3.sg.	ambinen	ambinert’u	ambinert’ay
1.pl.	mambinenan	mambinert’ey	mambinert’an
2.pl.	gambinenan	gambinert’ey	gambinert’an
3.pl.	ambinenan	ambinert’ey	ambinert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	mambinu	mambinay	mambinasen
2.sg.	gambinu	gambinay	gambinasen
3.sg.	ambinu	ambinay	ambinasen
1.pl.	mambiney	mambinan	mambinanen
2.pl.	gambiney	gambinan	gambinanen
3.pl.	ambiney	ambinan	ambinanen

(FN)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mauminen	maumine(r)t’u	maumine(r)t’az
2.sg.	gauminen	gaumine(r)t’u	gaumine(r)t’az
3.sg.	auminen	aumine(r)t’u	aumine(r)t’az
1.pl.	mauminenan	maumine(r)t’ez	maumine(r)t’an
2.pl.	gauminenan	gaumine(r)t’ez	gaumine(r)t’an
3.pl.	auminenan	aumine(r)t’ez	aumine(r)t’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	mauminu	mauminaz	mauminasen
2.sg.	gauminu	gauminaz	gauminasen
3.sg.	auminu	auminaz	auminasen
1.pl.	mauminez	mauminan	mauminanen
2.pl.	gauminez	gauminan	gauminanen
3.pl.	auminez	auminan	auminanen

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.4.2. amşk’orinen/amşk’urinen (West) ~ amşkorinen (Centre) ~ amşkironen (HP)(ÇX)

« he gets hungry »

(PZ west)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mamşk’orinen	mamşk’orinert’u	mamşk’orinert’as
2.sg.	gamşk’orinen	gamşk’orinert’u	gamşk’orinert’as
3.sg.	amşk’orinen	amşk’orinert’u	amşk’orinert’as
1.pl.	mamşk’orineran	mamşk’orinert’es	mamşk’orinert’an
2.pl.	gamşk’orineran	gamşk’orinert’es	gamşk’orinert’an
3.pl.	amşk’orineran	amşk’orinert’es	amşk’orinert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	mamşk’orinu	mamşk’orinas	mamşk’orinasere
2.sg.	gamşk’orinu	gamşk’orinas	gamşk’orinasere
3.sg.	amşk’orinu	amşk’orinas	amşk’orinasere
1.pl.	mamşk’orines	mamşk’orinan	mamşk’orinanene (*)
2.pl.	gamşk’orines	gamşk’orinan	gamşk’orinanene (*)
3.pl.	amşk’orines	amşk’orinan	amşk’orinanene (*)

(*) also mamşk’orinanere, gamşk’orinanere, amşkorinanere.

(ÇM-Ğvant)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mamşk’urinen	mamşk’urinert’u	mamşk’urinert’ay
2.sg.	gamşk’urinen	gamşk’urinert’u	gamşk’urinert’ay
3.sg.	amşk’urinen	amşk’urinert’u	amşk’urinert’ay
1.pl.	mamşk’urineran	mamşk’urinert’ey	mamşk’urinert’an
2.pl.	gamşk’urineran	gamşk’urinert’ey	gamşk’urinert’an
3.pl.	amşk’urineran	amşk’urinert’ey	amşk’urinert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	mamşk’urinu	mamşk’urinay	mamşk’urinasen
2.sg.	gamşk’urinu	gamşk’urinay	gamşk’urinasen
3.sg.	amşk’urinu	amşk’urinay	amşk’urinasen
1.pl.	mamşk’uriney	mamşk’urinan	mamşk’urinanen
2.pl.	gamşk’uriney	gamşk’urinan	gamşk’urinanen
3.pl.	amşk’uriney	amşk’urinan	amşk’urinanen

(AH-Sidere)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mamşkorinen	mamşkorine(r)t’u	mamşkorine(r)t’as
2.sg.	gamşkorinen	gamşkorine(r)t’u	gamşkorine(r)t’as
3.sg.	amşkorinen	amşkorine(r)t’u	amşkorine(r)t’az
1.pl.	mamşkorinenan	mamşkorine(r)t’es	mamşkorine(r)t’as
2.pl.	gamşkorinenan	gamşkorine(r)t’es	gamşkorine(r)t’as
3.pl.	amşkorinenan	amşkorine(r)t’es	amşkorine(r)t’as

subject	perfective
subject	present	optative	future
1.sg.	mamşkorinu	mamşkorinas	mamşkorinasen
2.sg.	gamşkorinu	gamşkorinas	gamşkorinasen
3.sg.	amşkorinu	amşkorinas	amşkorinasen
1.pl.	mamşkorines	mamşkorinan	mamşkorinanon
2.pl.	gamşkorines	gamşkorinan	gamşkorinanon
3.pl.	amşkorines	amşkorinan	amşkorinanon

(HP-P’eronit)

subject	imperfective
subject	present	past	optative
1.sg.	mamşkironen	mamşkironet’u	mamşkironet’az
2.sg.	gamşkironen	gamşkironet’u	gamşkironet’az
3.sg.	amşkironen	amşkironet’u	amşkironet’az
1.pl.	mamşkironenan	mamşkironet’es	mamşkironet’an
2.pl.	gamşkironenan	gamşkironet’es	gamşkironet’an
3.pl.	amşkironenan	amşkironet’es	amşkironet’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative	future
1.sg.	mamşkironu	mamşkironaz	mamşkironasen
2.sg.	gamşkironu	gamşkironaz	gamşkironasen
3.sg.	amşkironu	amşkironaz	amşkironasen
1.pl.	mamşkironez	mamşkironan	mamşkironasen
2.pl.	gamşkironez	gamşkironan	gamşkironasen
3.pl.	amşkironez	amşkironan	amşkironasen

P’ri mamşk’urinan vigzalat. (ÇM)

~ P’ri mamşk’orinan bigzalat. (AŞ-Ok’orrdule)

« Let us go before meal time. » (word-to-word : Let us go before we get hungry.)

p’ri anteposed subordinative conjunction : before (*)

vigzalat ~ bigzalat Aø actional verb igzalams (he goes): perfective optative 1. pl.

(*) For the conjunction p’ri, see → 13.4.4.7., 13.4.5.5., 13.4.6.3.

● Stative verb having the same stem : « he is hungry »

nşk’oroy (ÇM-Ğvant) ~ şkorons (Centre) ~ şkirons (East) (→ 13.2.3.3.)

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13.3.5. DA evolutional verbs

______________________________________________________________________

13.3.5.1. ak’omanden (PZ) ~ ak’omaden (ÇM)(AŞ) « he longs for »

Imperfective present tense of this verb expresses the general truth : « In such a situation, one longs for such a thing or person »

Simple perfective expresses the present state : « he longs for; he is longing for »

The conjugation is generally monopersonal. Some exceptions are observed in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin (***).

(PZ-east part)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	mak’omanden	mak’omandert’u	mak’omandert’ay
2.sg.	gak’omanden	gak’omandert’u	gak’omandert’ay
3.sg.	ak’omanden	ak’omandert’u	ak’omandert’ay
1.pl.	mak’omanderan	mak’omandert’es	mak’omandert’an
2.pl.	gak’omanderan	gak’omandert’es	gak’omandert’an
3.pl.	ak’omanderan	ak’omandert’es	ak’omandert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	mak’omandu	mak’omandas	mak’omandasen
2.sg.	gak’omandu	gak’omandas	gak’omandasen
3.sg.	ak’omandu	ak’omandas	ak’omandasen
1.pl.	mak’omandes	mak’omandan	mak’omandanen
2.pl.	gak’omandes	gak’omandan	gak’omandanen
3.pl.	ak’omandes	ak’omandan	ak’omandanen

(AŞ)

subject	imperfective
subject	present tense	past tense	optative mood
1.sg.	mak’omaden	mak’omadert’u	mak’omadert’ay
2.sg.	gak’omaden	gak’omadert’u	gak’omadert’ay
3.sg.	ak’omaden	ak’omadert’u	ak’omadert’ay
1.pl.	mak’omadenan	mak’omadert’ey	mak’omadert’an
2.pl.	gak’omadenan	gak’omadert’ey	gak’omadert’an
3.pl.	ak’omadenan	ak’omadert’ey	ak’omadert’an

subject	perfective
subject	simple	optative mood	future tense
1.sg.	mak’omadu	mak’omaday	mak’omadasen
2.sg.	gak’omadu	gak’omaday	gak’omadasen
3.sg.	ak’omadu	ak’omaday	ak’omadasen
1.pl.	mak’omadey	mak’omadan	mak’omadanen
2.pl.	gak’omadey	gak’omadan	gak’omadanen
3.pl.	ak’omadey	ak’omadan	ak’omadanen

(***) (ÇM)

In the love song « Ç’emu-şk’imi » (words and music : late Mrs Hatice Demirkıran, inhabitant of Çamlıhemşin-Mek’alesk’irit), the form of the verb mak’omandi (I long for you) is a case of bipersonal conjugation.

In the dialect of Ğvant also, the verb is conjugated bipersonally if the absolutive complement is in the 2nd person : ma si mak’omadi, ma t’k’va mak’omadit.

● Synonym : ganç’elen (Centre)(HP) ~ gvanç’elen (ÇX) (→ 13.3.5.3.)

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13.3.5.2. aoropen^[2] (FN-Ç’anapet) ~ ax’oropen (ÇX) « he falls in love with »

(FN-Ç’anapet)

subject	imperfective		perfective
subject	present	optative	simple	optative
1.sg.	maoropen	maorope(r)t’az	maoropu	maoropaz
2.sg.	gaoropen	gaorope(r)t’az	gaoropu	gaoropaz
3.sg.	aoropen	aorope(r)t’az	aoropu	aoropaz
1.pl.	maoropenan	maorope(r)t’an	maoropez	maoropan
2.pl.	gaoropenan	gaorope(r)t’an	gaoropez	gaoropan
3.pl.	aoropenan	aorope(r)t’an	aoropez	aoropan

(ÇX)

subject	imperfective		perfective
subject	present	optative	simple	optative
1.sg.	max’oropen	max’oropert’as	max’oropu	max’oropas
2.sg.	gax’oropen	gax’oropert’as	gax’oropu	gax’oropas
3.sg.	ax’oropen	ax’oropert’as	ax’oropu	ax’oropas
1.pl.	max’oropenan	max’oropert’an	max’oropes	max’oropan
2.pl.	gax’oropenan	gax’oropert’an	gax’oropes	gax’oropan
3.pl.	ax’oropenan	axoropert’an	ax’oropes	ax’oropan

● homophonous verb (→ 13.2.4.4.)

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13.3.5.3. ganç’elen (Centre)(HP) ~ gvanç’elen (ÇX)

« he longs for »

Imperfective present of this verb expresses the general truth : « in such a situation, one longs for »

Simple perfective expresses present state : « he longs for ; he is longing for »

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●●● The conjugation of this verb is bipersonal. As it governs the dative construction, the function of person markers I and II is inversed in comparison with what is observed in verbs governing the absolutive or ergative constructions.

The anteposed person markers I {b-/v-}{ø-}{ø-} indicate the subject of absolutive complement, and not the person of dative subject.

The postposed fused morphemes {-er}{-er}{-en} indicate also the person of absolutive complement, and not the person of dative subject.

The person of subject is indicated by the anteposed person markers II {m-}{g-}{ø-}.

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■ The initial syllable {go-/g-} (= preverb) and the syllable containing the pre-stem {a-} are accented in the same degree.

(Centre) imperfective present

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2. sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomanç’eler	gomanç’elen
2.sg.	goganç’eler		goganç’elen
3.sg.	gobanç’eler	ganç’eler	ganç’elen
1.pl.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elenan
2.pl.	goganç’elert		goganç’elenan
3.pl.	gobanç’eler	ganç’eler	ganç’elen

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3. pl.
1.sg.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elen
2.sg.	goganç’elert		goganç’elen
3.sg.	gobanç’elert	ganç’elert	ganç’elen
1.pl.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elenan
2.pl.	goganç’elert		goganç’elenan
3.pl.	gobanç’elert	ganç’elert	ganç’elenan

(Centre) simple perfective

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2. sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomanç’eli	gomanç’elu
2.sg.	goganç’eli		goganç’elu
3.sg.	gobanç’eli	ganç’eli	ganç’elu
1.pl.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’elez
2.pl.	goganç’elit		goganç’elez
3.pl.	gobanç’eli	ganç’eli	ganç’elu

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3. pl.
1.sg.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’elu
2.sg.	goganç’elit		goganç’elu
3.sg.	gobanç’elit	ganç’elit	ganç’elu
1.pl.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’elez
2.pl.	goganç’elit		goganç’elez
3.pl.	gobanç’elit	ganç’elit	ganç’elez

(ÇX) imperfective present

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2. sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomanç’eler	gomanç’elen
2.sg.	goganç’eler		goganç’elen
3.sg.	govanç’eler	gvanç’eler	gvanç’elen
1.pl.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elenan
2.pl.	goganç’elert		goganç’elenan
3.pl.	govanç’eler	gvanç’eler	gvanç’elen

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3. pl.
1.sg.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elen
2.sg.	goganç’elert		goganç’elen
3.sg.	govanç’elert	gvanç’elert	gvanç’elen
1.pl.		gomanç’elert	gomanç’elenan
2.pl.	goganç’elert		goganç’elenan
3.pl.	govanç’elert	gvanç’elert	gvanç’elenan

(ÇX) perfective simple

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2. sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomanç’eli	gomanç’elu
2.sg.	goganç’eli		goganç’elu
3.sg.	govanç’eli	gvanç’eli	gvanç’elu
1.pl.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’eles
2.pl.	goganç’elit		goganç’eles
3.pl.	govanç’eli	gvanç’eli	gvanç’elu

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3. pl.
1.sg.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’elu
2.sg.	goganç’elit		goganç’elu
3.sg.	govanç’elit	gvanç’elit	gvanç’elu
1.pl.		gomanç’elit	gomanç’eles
2.pl.	goganç’elit		goganç’eles
3.pl.	govanç’elit	gvanç’elit	gvanç’eles

● Synonym : ak’omandu (PZ) ~ ak’omadu (ÇM)(AŞ) (→ 13.3.5.1.)

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13.3.5.4. gvaşinen (West) ~ gaşinen (Centre)(HP) ~ gvaşinen (ÇX) « he remembers »

(ÇM)

subject	imperfective		perfective
subject	present	optative	simple	optative
1.sg.	gomaşinen	gomaşinert’ay	gomaşinu	gomaşinay
2.sg.	gogaşinen	gogaşinert’ay	gogaşinu	gogaşinay
3.sg.	gvaşinen	gvaşinert’ay	gvaşinu	gvaşinay
1.pl.	gomaşineran	gomaşinert’an	gomaşiney	gomaşinan
2.pl.	gogaşineran	gogaşinert’an	gogaşiney	gogaşinan
3.pl.	gvaşineran	gvaşinert’an	gvaşiney	gvaşinan

(Centre)

subject	imperfective		perfective
subject	present	optative	simple	optative
1.sg.	gomaşinen	gomaşinert’az	gomaşinu	gomaşinaz
2.sg.	gogaşinen	gogaşinert’az	gogaşinu	gogaşinaz
3.sg.	gaşinen	gaşinert’az	gaşinu	gaşinaz
1.pl.	gomaşinenan	gomaşinert’an	gomaşinez	gomaşinan
2.pl.	gogaşinenan	gogaşinert’an	gogaşinez	gogaşinan
3.pl.	gaşinenan	gvaşinert’an	gaşinez	gaşinan

(ÇX)

subject	imperfective		perfective
subject	present	optative	simple	optative
1.sg.	gomaşinen	gomaşinert’as	gomaşinu	gomaşinas
2.sg.	gogaşinen	gogaşinert’as	gogaşinu	gogaşinas
3.sg.	gvaşinen	gvaşinert’as	gvaşinu	gvaşinas
1.pl.	gomaşinen	gomaşinert’an	gomaşines	gomaşinan
2.pl.	gogaşinen	gogaşinert’an	gogaşines	gogaşinan
3.pl.	gvaşinen	gaşinert’an	gvaşines	gvaşinan

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13.3.5.5. goç’ondrun/ gvoç’ondrun (West) ~ goç’k’ondun (Centre)(HP) ~ gvoç’k’ondun (ÇX)

« he forgets »

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goç’ondrun (PZ)(AŞ-Okordule) ~ gvoçondrun (ÇM)(AŞ-Ortaalan)

In western dialects, the conjugation of this verb is monopersonal.

The basic forms of imperfective and perfective aspects are indicated in the table below.

● The formations of imperfective past tense (gomoç’ondrurt’u, gogoç’ondrurt’u ...), perfective optative mood (gomoç’ondras, gogoç’ondras ...) etc are identical with those of all other verbs.

(PZ)

dative subject	imperfective	perfective
dative subject	present tense	simple
1.sg.	gomoç’ondrun	gomoç’ondru
2.sg.	gogoç’ondrun	gogoç’ondru
3.sg.	goç’ondrun	goç’ondru
1.pl.	gomoç’ondruran	gomoç’ondres
2.pl.	gogoç’ondruran	gogoç’ondres
3.pl.	goç’ondruran	goç’ondres

(ÇM)

dative subject	imperfective	perfective
dative subject	present tense	simple
1.sg.	gomoç’ondrun	gomoç’ondru
2.sg.	gogoç’ondrun	gogoç’ondru
3.sg.	gvoç’ondrun	gvoç’ondru
1.pl.	gomoç’ondruran	gomoç’ondrey
2.pl.	gogoç’ondruran	gogoç’ondrey
3.pl.	gvoç’ondruran	gvoç’ondrey

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goç’k’ondun (Centre)(HP)　

The conjugation is bipersonal in central and eastern dialects.

(Centre) imperfective present

dative subject	absolutive complment
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondur	gomoç’k’ondun
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondur		gogoç’k’ondun
3.sg.	goboç’k’ondur	goç’k’ondur	goç’kondun
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondu(r)t	gomoç’k’ondunan
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondu(r)t		gogoç’k’ondunan
3.pl.	goboç’k’ondur	goç’k’ondur	goç’k’ondun

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondu(r)t	gomoç’k’ondun
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondu(r)t		gogoç’k’ondun
3.sg.	goboç’k’ondu(r)t	goç’k’ondu(r)t	goç’k’ondun
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondu(r)t	gomoç’k’ondunan
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondu(r)t		gogoç’k’ondunan
3.pl.	goboç’k’ondu(r)t	goç’k’ondu(r)t	goç’k’ondunan

(Centre) perfective simple

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondi	gomoç’k’ondu
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondi		gogoç’k’ondu
3.sg.	goboç’k’ondi	goç’k’ondi	goç’kondu
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondez
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondez
3.pl.	goboç’k’ondi	goç’k’ondi	goç’k’ondu

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondu
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondu
3.sg.	goboç’k’ondit	goç’k’ondit	goç’k’ondu
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondez
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondez
3.pl.	goboç’k’ondit	goç’k’ondit	goç’k’ondez

● Monopersonal conjugation is also observed here and there concerning this verb.

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gvoç’k’ondun (ÇX)

(ÇX) imperfective present

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondur	gomoç’k’ondun
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondur		gogoç’k’ondun
3.sg.	govoç’k’ondur	gvoç’k’ondur	gvoç’kondun
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondurt	gomoç’k’ondunan
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondurt		gogoç’k’ondunan
3.pl.	govoç’k’ondur	gvoç’k’ondur	gvoç’k’ondun

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondurt	gomoç’k’ondun
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondurt		gogoç’k’ondun
3.sg.	govoç’k’ondurt	gvoç’k’ondurt	gvoç’k’ondun
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondurt	gomoç’k’ondunan
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondurt		gogoç’k’ondunan
3.pl.	govoç’k’ondurt	gvoç’k’ondurt	gvoç’k’ondunan

(ÇX) perfective simple

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondi	gomoç’k’ondu
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondi		gogoç’k’ondu
3.sg.	govoç’k’ondi	gvoç’k’ondi	gvoç’kondu
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondes
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondes
3.pl.	govoç’k’ondi	gvoç’k’ondi	gvoç’k’ondu

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondu
2.sg.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondu
3.sg.	govoç’k’ondit	gvoç’k’ondit	gvoç’k’ondu
1.pl.		gomoç’k’ondit	gomoç’k’ondes
2.pl.	gogoç’k’ondit		gogoç’k’ondes
3.pl.	govoç’k’ondit	gvoç’k’ondit	gvoç’k’ondes

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13.3.5.6. mo3’ondun (West) ; mo3’ons ~ mo3’ondun (Centre・East)

« he is fond of »

Imperfective present tense of this verb expresses the general truth : « in such a situation, one is fond of », or the permanent state : « he is fond of s.o. or s.th. since ever ».

The simple perfective of this verb expresses present state : « he is fond of s.o. or s.th. (that he has seen) »

The conjugation is monopersonal in western dialects, and bipersonalin central and eastern dialects.

● Two forms of imperfective aspect coexist in certain dialects of central and eastern areas. Further researches are necessary concerning their distribution.

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(West)　mo3’ondun

dative subject	imperfective	perfective
dative subject	present	simple
1.sg.	mom3’ondun	mom3’ondu
2.sg.	mok’3’ondun	mok’3’ondu
3.sg.	mo3’ondun	mo3’ondu
1.pl.	mom3’onduran ~ mom3’ondunan	mom3’ondes ~ mom3’ondey
2.pl.	mok’3’onduran ~ mok’3’ondunan	mok’3’ondes ~ mok’3’ondey
3.pl.	mo3’onduran ~ mo3’ondunan	mo3’ondes ~ mo3’ondey

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(Centre・East) 　mo3’ons ~ mo3’ondun

imperfective present A mo3’ons

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		mom3’on	mom3’ons
2.sg.	mok’3’on		mok’3’ons
3.sg.	mop’3’on	mo3’on	mo3’ons
1.pl.		mom3’ont	mom3’onan
2.pl.	mok’3’ont		mok’3’onan
3.pl.	mop’3’on	mo3’on	mo3’ons

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		mom3’ont	mom3’ons
2.sg.	mok’3’ont		mok’3’ons
3.sg.	mop’3’ont	mo3’ont	mo3’ons
1.pl.		mom3’ont	mom3’onan
2.pl.	mok’3’ont		mok’3’onan
3.pl.	mop’3’ont	mo3’ont	mo3’onan

Imperfective past tense : mom3’ont’u, mok’3’ont’u, mo3’ont’u, mom3’ont’ez .. etc

(Centre・Est) imperfective present B mo3’ondun

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		mom3’ondur	mom3’ondun
2.sg.	mok’3’ondur		mok’3’ondun
3.sg.	mop’3’ondur	mo3’ondur	mo3’ondun
1.pl.		mom3’ondurt	mom3’ondunan
2.pl.	mok’3’ondurt		mok’3’ondunan
3.pl.	mop’3’ondur	mo3’ondur	mo3’ondun

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		mom3’ondurt	mom3’ondun
2.sg.	mok’3’ondurt		mok’3’ondun
3.sg.	mop’3’ondurt	mo3’ondurt	mo3’ondun
1.pl.		mom3’ondurt	mom3’ondunan
2.pl.	mok’3’ondurt		mok’3’ondunan
3.pl.	mop’3’ondurt	mo3’ondurt	mo3’ondunan

The perfective stem is {-3’ond-}.

(Centre・East) perfective simple

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.sg.	2.sg.	3.sg.
1.sg.		mom3’ondi	mom3’ondu
2.sg.	mok’3’ondi		mok’3’ondu
3.sg.	mop’3’ondi	mo3’ondi	mo3’ondu
1.pl.		mom3’ondit	mom3’ondez
2.pl.	mok’3’ondit		mok’3’ondez
3.pl.	mop’3’ondi	mo3’ondi	mo3’ondu

dative subject	absolutive complement
dative subject	1.pl.	2.pl.	3.pl.
1.sg.		mom3’ondit	mom3’ondu
2.sg.	mok’3’ondit		mok’3’ondu
3.sg.	mop’3’ondit	mo3’ondit	mo3’ondu
1.pl.		mom3’ondit	mom3’ondez
2.pl.	mok’3’ondit		mok’3’ondez
3.pl.	mop’3’ondit	mo3’ondit	mo3’ondez

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