13.4. Actional verbs I : Indicative mood　

(and secondary moods deriving from it : optative, votive, imperative, prohibitive and prohibito-optative)

13.4.1. Imperfective present tense (+ prohibitive mood)

13.4.2. Imperfective past tense (+ votif)

(+ converbs)

13.4.3. Imperfective optative mood (+ prohibito-optative mood) (ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX)

(+ converbs)

13.4.4. Perfective basic form (+ auditive forms)

(+ pluperfect)

(+ votive mood) (West)(FN))

(+ imperative)

(+ adverbial clauses)

13.4.5. Perfective optative mood (+ prohibito-optative mood) (PZ)(AK)

(+ votive mood) (AH)

(+ adverbial clauses)

13.4.6. Future tense (+ future-in-the-past)

(+ adverbial clauses)

The pre-stem (1) and the post-stem (2) (in the indicative mood imperfective present tense) determine the conjugation of actional verbs.

(1) Pre-stem : {ø-}{i-}{i-/u-}{a-}{o-} (→ 11.6.)

(2) Post-stem : {-ø}; {-vowel + m/p}; {-er}{-ur}; {-omer/-umer} ;

{-umer/-umar} ; {-um/-umer/-ar}(→ 11.1.) 　

Besides, the presence or absence of the causative marker determine the post-stem in certain dialects of Arhavi.

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13.4.1. Imperfective present tense

13.4.1.1. Basic forms

13.4.1.1.1. Monopersonal conjugation

13.4.1.1.2. Bipersonal conjugation

13.4.1.2. Prohibitive mood

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13.4.1.1. Basic forms

Formation : (out of affirmation profix and negation marker)

[1] preverb {ø-}{me-}{mo-}{go-} etc (→ 11.7., 19.)

[2] anteposed person marker I {b-}{ø-}{ø-} (1) (→ 11.3.1.1.)

II {m-}{g-}{ø-} (2) (→ 11.3.1.2.)

[3] pre-stem {ø-}{i-}{i-/u-}{a-}{o-} (→ 11.6.)

[4] stem (→ 11.1.)

[5] post-stem {-ø}; {-vowel + m/p}; {-e/u + r};

{-omer/-umer}{-umer/-umar};

{-um/-umer/-ar} (→ 11.1.) 　

[6] multifunctional fused ending (*) {-ø}{-s}{-n}{-an}{-t} (→ 11.3., 11.4.)

(*) marker of person, number and present tense

● Variants of anteposed person markers are described in the chapter 11.

(1) {b-} = {ø-} ~ {b-} ~ {v-} ~ {p-} ~ {p’-}

but {b-} + {n -consonant ...} > {m-...}

{b-} + {xt/xt’-...} > {pt/ft-...}

(2) {m-} = {ø-} ~ {m-} ~ {mp’-}

{g-} = {ø-} ~ {g-} ~ {k-} ~ {k’-}

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13.4.1.1.1. Monopersonal conjugation

The conjugation is monopersonal if an actional verb is

- without complement,

- reflexive, or

- without dative complement and governs the absolutive complement only in the 3rd person.

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13.4.1.1.1.1. « he speaks » Eø actional verbs

Post-stem {-ø}　 ixap’ars (*) (PZ)

Post-stem{-am/-ap} ilak’irday (ÇM)(AŞ-Jilen-Mzğem)

isinapams/isinapay (AŞ)(FN)

ip’aramitams (AH)

ğarğalams/ğarğalaps (HP)(ÇX)

ğağalaps (HP-Sarp)

● (*) (ÇM)(AŞ) The verb ixap’ars/ixap’ay means « he cries getting angry » in the

dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen.

● (ÇM)(AŞ-Jilen-Mzğem) ilak’irday : in the interrogative, ilak’irdams-i ?

● Cf. ğarğalams (West) «(a baby) emits incomprehensible sounds »

(Centre) « he cries getting angry »

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13.4.1.1.1.2. imt’en « he runs away » Aø actional verb: post-stem {-er}

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13.4.1.1.1.3. jun ~ cun (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ-Jilen-Mzğem) « (a bird etc) flies » Aø actional verb : post-stem {-ur}

(PZ)(ÇM-Ğvant)(AŞ-Jilen Mzğem)

(ÇM-M3’anu)

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13.4.1.1.1.4. putxun « (a bird etc) flies » Aø actional verb : post-stem {-ur}

(*) Anteposed 1st person marker is realized generally as {ø-} before bilabial consonants /p/, /p’/, /b/ and /m/. Sometimes it appears at the end of the first syllable of the verb as an infix. (→ 13.8.2.)

(**) The vowel [o] of the initial syllable is not a pre-stem. It is an epenthesis without any grammatical function. It makes possible the pronunciation of anteposed person marker before bilabial consonant.

● Homophonous verb : putxun (PZ-Noxlamsu, Apso) « he is frightened »

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13.4.1.1.1.5. « he says »

EA actional verbs : absolutive complement always in the 3rd person

it’urs ~ it’t’urs (West) post-stem {-ø}

zop’ons (Centre) post-stem {-ø}

tkumers/tkumars (East) post-stem {-umer/-umar}

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13.4.1.1.1.6. « he writes »

EA actional verb : absolutive complement always in the 3rd person

post-stem {-um/-up}

nç’arums (West)

ç’a(r)ums (Centre) ~ ç’a(r)ups (East)

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13.4.1.1.1.7. « he puts »

EA actional verb : absolutive complement always in the 3rd person

post-stem {-um/-umer/-var}

(*) In the dialects of FN-Sumla, forms such as dobdume(r), dodume(r), dodume(r)s ... are also observed. The phoneme /l/ “restores” in a way the post-stem that has been altered by the disappearing of /r/. This phonetical evolution must be a recent phenomenon.

(**) In the dialects of Çxala, the replacement of intervocalic /r/ by /l/ is observed very often.

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13.4.1.1.1.8. Reflexive verb : pre-stem {i-}

imbonams (West) ~ ibonams (Centre) ~ ibons (East)

« he washes himself » EA actional verb

imbonams (PZ) post-stem{-am}

ibonams (Centre) post-stem{-am}

ibons (East) post-stem{-ø}

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13.4.1.1.2. Bipersonal conjugation

Conjugation is bipersonal if the actional verb governs :

- dative complement, or

- absolutive complement in all persons.

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13.4.1.1.2.1. Example without preverb : pre-stem {ø-}

çumers (FN)(AH)(HP) ~ çumels (FN-Sumla) ~ çumars (ÇX)

« he waits » EA actional verb : post-stem{-umer/-umel/-umar}

(FN)(AH)(HP)

çumels (FN-Sumla)(*)

(*) This table is dressed exclusively from informations given by Nurdoğan Demir Abaşişi.

(ÇX)

Synonym : uyondrams (West)

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13.4.1.1.2.2. Example with preverb : pre-stem {ø-}

meçams « he gives » EDA actional verb : post-stem {-am/-ap}

(PZ) (FN)(AH)

(HP)(ÇX)

● When the dative complement is in the 1st person, the preverb {me-}(= moving off from the speaker) is replaced by {mo-}(= approaching the speaker).

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13.4.1.1.2.3. Example without preverb : pre-stem {i-}(*)

(*) without any apparent function for this verb

içinams (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN)(AH); içinams ~ içinaps ~ içinops (East)

« he knows s.o.; he recognizes s.o. » EA actional verb : post-stem {-am} {-op}

(PZ)

(FN)(AH)

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13.4.1.1.2.4. Example without preverb : pre-stem {i-}

goişinams « he remembers » EA actional verb: post-stem{-am}

(ÇM-Ğvant)

(FN)(AH)

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13.4.1.1.2.5. Example without preverb : pre-stem{i-/u-}

umbonams (West) ; ubonams ~ ubons (Centre) ; ubons (East)　

« he washes someone else » EDA actional verb  : post-stem{-am}, {-ø}

umbonams (PZ)

ubons (Centre)

ubons (East)

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13.4.1.1.2.6. Example with preverb : pre-stem {i-/u-}

guşinams (PZ) « he recalls s.th. to s.o. » EDA actional verb  : post-stem {-am}

● Synonym : gvoşinay (ÇM)(AŞ) ~ goşinams (AŞ-Dutxe)(Centre)(HP) ~ gvoşinaps (ÇX)(→ 13.4.1.1.2.13.)

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13.4.1.1.2.7. Exemple with preverb {ela-} : pre-stem{a-}

elvakten (AŞ) « he passes to see s.o. (*) » (1) AD actional verb : post-stem{-er}

(*) in his house, in his bureau, in his workshop etc

(AŞ-Ok’ordule)

Ma iri ndğa Amedi elebakter. (AŞ) I pass every day to see Amedi.

● (1) Homophony : according to Seçkin Yeniçırak, at Çamlıhemşin-Ğvant, a homophonous verb (which is also an AD actional verb) means « he is ashamed in front of s.o. ». Another verb golvakten means « he passes to see s.o. ».

According to S.Y., the dative complement of the verb elvakten, at Ğvant, is not in the fused oblique case but in the ambidirective case.

(ÇM-Ğvant) « he is ashamed in front of s.o. »

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13.4.1.1.2.8. Example with preverb {me-} : pre-stem {a-}

nacoxen (Centre・East) « he passes to see s.o.(*) » ED actional verb: post-stem{-er}

(*) in his house, in his workshop, in his bureau etc

(Centre)

Ma k’at’a ndğaz Amediz mebacoxer. (Centre) I pass every day to see Amedi.

Amedik ma p’anda memacoxen. (FN) Amedi passes always to see me.

~ Amedik ma iyya memacoxen. (AH)

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13.4.1.1.2.9. Example with preverb {me-} : pre-stem {a-}

naonams « he follows s.o. » ED actional verb : post-stem {-am}

(Centre)

● The function of preverb is not apparent in this verb. It is never replaced by another one even if the subject is approaching to the speaker.

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13.4.1.1.2.10. Example with pre-stem {o-} [A] 

oncirams « he makes sleep » EA actional verb : post-stem {-am/-ap}

(FN)(AH)

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13.4.1.1.2.11. Example with pre-stem {o-} [B] 

ogorams (West・Centre) « he insults s.o.  » ED actional verb: post-stem{-am}

(FN)(AH)

● Cf. igorams : Eø actional verb « he uses swear words without presence of anyone »

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13.4.1.1.2.12. Example with pre-stem {o-} [C] 

oşk’ums (West), oşkumers (Centre), oçkumers (HP), oçkumars (ÇX)

« he sends s.o. » EA actional verb : post-stem {-um},{-umer/-umar}

(PZ)

(FN)(AH)

(HP)

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13.4.1.1.2.13. Example with preverb {go-} : pre-stem {o-} 

gvoşinay (ÇM)(AŞ) ~ goşinams (AŞ-Dutxe)(Centre)(HP) ~ gvoşinaps (ÇX)

« he recalls s.th. to s.o. » EDA actional verb : post-stem {-am/-ap}

(ÇM-Ğvant)

(FN)(AH)

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13.4.1.1.2.14. Example with preverbs {ce-}{e-} : pre-stem {o-} [A]  

comç’ims (West), yomç’ims (Centre・East)

« the rain falls on s.o.» CD/AD actional verb (*) : post-stem {ø-}

(*) comç’ims is a øø/øD actional verb when it means : « rain seeps through the roof »

● We gathered these verbs together in one article because they form an exception : it is one of rare cases where the preverb {ce-} of western dialects does not correspond to the preverb {ge-} in central and eastern dialects. (Idem for the verbs of the following article.)

comç’ims (West)

yomç’ims (FN)(AH)(HP)

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13.4.1.1.2.15. Example with the preverbs {ce-}{e-} : pre-stem {o-} [B] 

comtvams (West), yomtvams (Centre・East)

« the snow falls on s.o. » CD/AD actional verb: post-stem {-am/-ap}

● As in the preceding article, we gethered these verbs in one article because they form an exception : it is one of rare cases where the preverb {ce-} of western dialects does not correspond to the preverb {ge-} in central and eastern dialects. Therefores, gyomtvams and yomtvams coexist in certains dialects of Fındıklı. further researches are necessary concerning their distribution.

comtvams (West)

yomtvams (Centre・East)

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13.4.1.2. Prohibitive mood

Formation : prohibitive mood marker mot- ~ mo- ~ moy- + imperfective present tense

In Laz, the prohibitive mood exists only in the 2nd person. Prohibition in the 1st and 3rd persons is expressed by the prohibito-optative mood. (*)(→ 13.4.3.2., 13.4.5.1.2.)