19. Liste of preverbs

To see examples of use → « Laz-Turkish Dictionary http://ayla7.free.fr/laz/index.html»

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19.1. {a-}(HP)(AK)

This preverb is observed in only one verb.

aigdems/ aigdeps (HP)(AK) “he mocks s.o.”

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19.2. {ama-}

[before /a/ : amv- (PZ ~ AŞ), am- (FN ~ HP), amv-/ amm-/ am- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : am- (PZ), amv- (ÇM), amv-/ amm-/ am- (AŞ), am- (FN ~ HP), amv-/ amm-/ am- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : (all dialects) am-]

[before vi-/ bi-, ma-, ga-, mi- and gi- : amo- (ÇM~ AŞ)]

I. “to the inside”

amulun “he enters”

amadums/ amaduy/ amadumers/ amadvars “he puts s.th. to the inside”

II. (FN-Sumla ~ AH) “under the waist”

amikunams “he wears (clothes) under the waist”

amokunams “he helps s.o. to wear (clothes) under the waist”

III. (FN ~ HP) “by hanging to a place a little higher than adult’s stature” → ge3’a-, gi3’a-; gu3’a-^III; ama-^III

amok’idams/ amok’idaps “he suspends s.th. to a place a little higher than adults’ stature”

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19.3. {ce-}(PZ ~ AŞ) → ge-

[before vowel : c-]

I. “downwards by a gentle slope ”

culun “he goes down by q gentle slope”

II. “vertically downwards”

cebun “it is suspended”

cedums/ ceduy “he puts downwards”

III. “on a horizontal surface”

ceğurun “he dies on a horizontal surface”

IV. “at the root” → e-

cek’vatums/ cek’vatuy “he cuts down (a tree)”

V. (function unknown)

ceçams/ ceçay “he strikes; he hits”

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19.4. {cek’a-}(ÇM)(AŞ) “immediately after” “” → ç’ek’a-; ek’a-

[before /a/ and /o/ : cek’v-]

[before /i/ and /u/ : cek’-]

cek’voğurun / cek’uğurun “he dies immediately after”

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19.5. {cela-} (PZ ~ AŞ) “downwards” → gela-, gila-

[before /a/ : celv-]

[before /o/ : cel- (PZ), cel-/ celv- (AŞ-Ok’ordule), celv- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : cel-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : cele-]

I. “downwards by a gentle slope”

celulun “he goes down by a gentle slope”

II. “downwards under s.th.”

celabams^[1], celobams^[1], celvobay^[1] “he suspends s.th. under s.th.”

III. “over s.th. above the ground”

celabams^[2], celobams^[2], celvobay^[2] “he pours liquid matter over s.th. above the ground”

IV. “on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

celaxedun “he sits on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

celaxen “he is seated on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

celat’axums/ celat’axuy “he breaks the end of s.th. by a downward movement”

celat’roxun “the end of s.th. is broken by a downward movement or because of the weight of s.th. ”

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19.6. {ceşk’a-}(ÇM)(AŞ-Ortaalan)

[before /a/ and /o/ : ceşk’v-]

[before /i/ and /u/ : ceşk’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : ceşk’e-]

I. “towards the middle of s.th.” → ç’eşk’a-, geşa-; k’oşk’a-, goşa-

ceşk’vobğay “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter from above towards the middle of s.th.”　

II. “close to (the fire); round (the fire)”

ceşk’axedun “he sits round (the fire)”

ceşk’uxen “he is seated round (the fire)”

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19.7. {ce3’a-}(ÇM)(AŞ-Ortaalan)

The “general meaning” of this rare preverb is unknown.

[before /a/ and /o/ : ce3’v-]

ce3’vobazgay (ÇM) “he puts his foot on the end of s.th. in such a way that he may fall down”

ce3’vobun (ÇM) “it is suspended on the end of s.th. in such a way that it may fall down”

ce3’vazden^[1] (ÇM) “he scruples in the presence of s.o.”

ce3’vazden^[2] (AŞ-Ortaalan) “he is not interested to do s.th.” ______________________________________________________________________

19.8. {ç’ek’a-}(PZ) → cek’a-; ek’a-

[before /a/ : ç’ek’v-]

[before /o/, /i/ and /u/ : çek’-]

I. “from the back”

ç’ek’a3’en (PZ-Cigetore) “he looks at s.th. from the back”

II. “immediately after”

ç’ek’uğurun (PZ-Apso, Cigetore) “he dies immediately after”

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19.9. {ç’eşk’a-}(PZ) “coming from upper side towards the middle of, among or amid” → ceşk’a-, geşa-; k’oşk’a-, goşa-

ç’eşk’abğams “he pours or acatters granelous oy farinaceous matter from above towards the middle of s.th.”

ç’eşk’axedun “he sits among s.o. coming from upper side”

ç’eşk’axen “he is seated among s.o. coming from upper side”

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19.10. {do-}

[before /a/ : dv- (PZ ~ AŞ), d- (FN ~ HP), dv- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : d- (PZ), dv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), d- (FN ~ HP), dv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : d-]

[sole (PZ) : before vi-, vo-, vu-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : de- ou do-]

I. “to the ground”

dobğams/ dobğay/ dobğaps “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter to the ground”

II. (function unknown)

dirinams (PZ-ÇM-AŞ) “he borns”

dibaden^[1] (AŞ) “he grows old”

dibaden^[2] (FN-AH-HP) “he borns”

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19.11. {dolo-}

[before /a/ : dolv- (PZ ~ AŞ), dol- (FN ~ HP)(AK), dolv- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : dol- (PZ), dolv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), dol- (FN ~ HP), dolv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : del-/ dol- (PZ), dol- (ÇM ~ HP)]

[sole (PZ) : before vi-, vu-, mi- and gi- : dele-/dolo-]

[sole (AK)(ÇX) : before /i/ : dil-; before /u/ : dul-]

I. “into a vertically deep closed space”

dolodums/ doloduy/ dolodumers/ dolodvars “he puts solide matter into a vertically deep closed space”

dolobğams^[1]/ dolvobğay/ dolobğaps/ dolvobğaps “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter into a vertically deep closed space”

II. “to the neck, wrist or lobe of s.o.”

dolvaben; dolak’iden, dolak’it’en “he embraces s.o. around the neck”

III. “at th root or from the bottom of s.th. hooked”

doloç’irdums/ doloç’irduy; doloç’k’idums/ doloç’k’dups “he tears out”

IV. (function unknown)　

dolobğams^[2] (FN ~ AH) “he demolishes a construction”

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19.12. {e-}(PZ ~ HP) → ye-

[before /a/ : ey- (PZ ~ AŞ), y- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /o/ and /u/ : ey- (PZ ~ ÇM), ey-/ e- (AŞ), y- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /i/ : ey-/ e- (PZ ~ HP), y- (HP)]

I. “vertically upwards”

eyulun/ yulun “he goes up vertically”

II. “over”

eitums/ eituy, eitumers, yitumers “he covers himself”

III. “at the root” → ce-, ge-

ek’vatums/ ek’vatuy “he cuts (a tree) at the root”

IV. [function unknown]

eç’opums/ eç’opuy/ eç’opups “he buys”

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19.13. {ek’a-}(PZ ~ HP) → ik’a-; mik’a-^[2]

[before /a/ : ek’v- (PZ ~ AŞ) , ek’- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /o/ : ek’- (PZ), ek’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ), ek’- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : ek’- (PZ ~ HP) ]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : ek’e- (PZ ~ HP)]

I. “behind, at the back of”

ek’adums/ ek’aduy, ek’adumers “he puts s.th. behind s.th.”

II. “in addition, by adding”

ek’ubğams/ ek’ubğay “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter in addition to s.th.”

III. “immediately after” → ç’ek’a-; cek’a-

ek’iyonams/ ek’iyonay “he leads un animated (= human or animal) away immediately after s.th.”

IV. (PZ) “upwards”

ek’a3’ers (PZ) “he looks up at s.th.”

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19.14. {ela-}(PZ ~ HP) → ila-

[before /a/ : elv- (PZ ~ AŞ), el- (FN ~ HP) ]

[before /o/ : el- (PZ), elv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), el- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : el- (PZ ~ HP)]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo- (1), vu-/ bu-, ma- (2), ga- (2), mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : ele- (PZ ~ HP)]

[(1) before bo- : elo- (AŞ-Ok’ordule), ex. elobolam; ela- (AŞ-Ortaalan), ex. elabolam]

[(2) before ma- et ga- : elo- (PZ-Noxlamsu), ele- (PZ-Apso ~ HP)]

I. “upwards by a genltle slope”

elulun “he goes up by a gentle slope”

II. “on a side of s.th.; at the end of s.th.”

elaxedun “he sits on a side ; he sits at the end of s.th.”

III. [function unknown]

elaçams (Verbs of this form have amazingly various meanings according to the localities. → http://ayla7.free.fr/laz/index.html)

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19.15. {eşa-}(FN ~ HP) “upwards” → eşk’a-, işa-

[before vowel : eş-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : eşe-]

I. “upwards by going out from a vertically deep closed space”

II. “upwards by a long steep slope in open space”

III. “coming from lower side, towards the middle of, among or amid ”

IV. “finish an action”

eşanaxums “il termine de laver les linges”

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19.16. {eşk’a-} (PZ ~ AŞ) “upwards” → eşa-, işa-

[before /a/ : eşk’v-]

[before /o/ : eşk’- (PZ) , eşk’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : eşk’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : eşk’e-]

I. “upwards by going out from a vertically deep closed space”

II. “upwards by a long steep slope in open space”

III. “coming from lower side, towards the middle of, among or amid ”

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19.17. {eyo-} (PZ ~ FN) [rare in FN] “over” → geya- (FN-Ç’anapet); ijvo- (ÇX)(Düzce), ijo-/ mijo- (AK)

[before vowel ey-]

[before vo-/ bo- : eye-]

eyodums/ eyoduy/ eoduy/ eyodvams/ eyodumers “he puts s.th. over s.th.”

eyoşk’omams/ eyoşk’omay, eyoç’k’omams “he eats s.th. after s.th.”

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19.18. {e3’a-}(PZ ~ HP) → i3’a-

[before /a/ : e3’v- (PZ ~ AŞ), e3’- (FN ~ HP) ]

[before /o/ e3’- (PZ), e3’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ), e3’- (a part of AŞ)(FN ~ HP)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : e3’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : e3’e-]

I. “underneath ; below ; under”

e3’udums/ e3’uduy, e3’udumers/ e3’udumels “he puts s.th. under s.th.”

II. “upwards coming from lower side”

e3’vok’anay, e3’onk’anams “he waves s.th. from lower side upwards”

III. (function unknown)

e3’abğen “he is in a strange situation (PZ-Apso)”; “he has a nightmare (FN ~ AH)”; “he talks in delirium (HP)”

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19.19. {gama-}

[before /a/ : gamv- (PZ ~ AŞ), gam- (FN ~ HP), gamv-/ gamm-/ gam- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : gam- (PZ), gamv- (ÇM), gamv-/ gamm-/ gam- (AŞ), gam- (FN ~ HP), gamv-/ gamm-/ gam- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : gam-]

[sole (ÇM ~ AŞ) : before vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, ma-, ga-, mi- and gi- : gamo-]

I. “out ; outside”

gamulun “he goes out”

II. “far downwards”

gamilay/ gamilams/ gamilaps “he goes quickly far downwards”

III. “completely”

gamailums/ gamailuy/ gamailoms/ gamax’ilups “he demolishes completely”

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19.20. {ge-}(FN ~ ÇX)(AK) → ce-

[before /a/, /o/ and /u/ : gy-]

[before /i/ : ge- (FN ~ HP), g- (AK)(ÇX)]

[sole (AK) : before va-, vo-, ma-, ga-, mo- and go- : gi-; but before vi-, vu-, mi- and gi : ge-]

I. “downwards”

gyulun “he descends”

II. “vertically downwards”

gedgums/ gedgims/ gedgips “he puts on the ground”

III. “upon”

gedumers/ gedumels/ gedvars “he puts s.th. upon s.th.”

IV. “at the root” → e-

gek’vatums/ gek’vatups “he cuts down (a tree)”

V. (function unknown)

geçams/ geçaps “he strikes ; he hits”

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19.21. {gela-}(FN ~ HP) “downwards” → cela-, gila-

[before vowel : gel-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : gele-]

I. “downwards by a gentle slope”

gelulun “he goes down by a gentle slope”　

II. “over s.th. above the ground”

gelobams^[2], gelobaps^[2] “he pours liquid matter over s.th. above the ground”

III. “on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gelaxedun “he sits on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gelaxen “he is seated on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gelat’axums/ gelat’axups “he breaks the end of s.th. by a downward movement”

gelat’roxun “the end of s.th. is broken by a downward movement or because of the weight of s.th. ”

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19.22. {geşa-}(FN ~ HP)

[before vowel : geş-]

I. “to the middle of s.th.” → ç’eşk’a-, ceşk’a

geşadumers “he puts s.th. to the middle of s.th.”

II. “on the top ; on the summit”

geşaxedun “he sits on the top of s.th.”

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19.23. {geya-} (FN-Ç’anapet) “over” → eyo- ; ijvo- , ijo-/ mijo-

[before vowel : gey-]

[before bo- : geye-]

geyadums/ geyadumers “he puts s.th. over s.th.”

geyaxedun “he sits on s.th.”

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19.24. {ge3’a-}(FN ~ HP) → gi3’a-; gu3’a-^III; ama-^III

[before vowel : ge3’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : ge3’e-]

I. “by hanging to a place a little higher than adult’s stature”

ge3’ok’idams/ ge3’ok’idaps (AH ~ HP) “he suspends s.th. to a place a little higher than adult’s stature”

II. “on the end of s.th.”

ge3’axedun “he sits on the end of s.th.”

ge3’axen^[2] “he is seated on the end of s.th.”

III. [function unknown]

ge3’axen^[1] “he has a pitiable face”

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19.25. {gila-} (AK)(ÇX) “downwards” → cela-, gela-

[before /a/ and /o/ : gil- (AK), gilv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : gil-]

[sole (ÇX) : before va-, vi-, vo-, vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : gile-]

I. “downwards by a gentle slope”

gilulun “he goes down by a gentle slope”　

II. “over s.th. above the ground”

gilobaps, gilvobaps “he pours liquid matter over s.th. above the ground”

III. “on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gilaxedun “he sits on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gilaxen “he is seated on the end of s.th. coming from upper side”

gilat’axups “he breaks the end of s.th. by a downward movement”

gilat’ruxun (AK)(ÇX) “the end of s.th. is broken by a downward movement or because of the weight of s.th. ”

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19.26. {gi3’a-}(AK)(ÇX) “by hanging to a place a little higher than adult’s stature” → ge3’a-; gu3’a-^III; ama-^III

[before /a/ and /o/ : gi3’- (AK), gi3’v- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : gi3’-]

gi3’ok’idaps, gi3’vok’idaps “he hangs s.th. to a place a little higher than adult’s stature”

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19.27. {go-}

[before /a/ : gv- (PZ ~ AŞ) , g- (FN ~ HP), g-/ gv- (AK) , gv- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : g- (PZ), gv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), g- (FN ~ HP)(AK), gv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ : go- (PZ ~ HP), gu- (AK)(ÇX) ]

[before /u/ : g-]

[sole (AK) : before va-, ma-, ga-, vo-, mo- and go- : gu- ; but before vi-, vu-, mi- and gi- : go-]

I. “round s.th.”

godums/ goduy/ godumers/ godumels/ godvars “he puts s.th. round s.th.”

II. (function unknown)

goç’ondrun/ goç’ondun, gvoç’ondrun, goç’k’ondun, gvoç’k’ondun “he forgetse”

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19.28. {gola-}(PZ ~ HP) “horizontally ; horizontally to other side” → gula-

[before /a/ : golv- (PZ ~ AŞ) , gol- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /o/ : gol- (PZ), golv- (ÇM ~ AŞ) , gol- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : gol-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : golo-]

goladums/ goladuy, goladumers/ goladumels, goladvars “he puts horizontally”

golulun “he passes”

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19.29. {goşa-}(FN ~ HP) “between or among s.th. ; through s.th.” → k’oşk’a-, guşa-

[before vowel goş-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : goşo-]

goşadums/ goşadumers/ goşadumels “he puts s.th. between or among s.th. ; he passes s.th. through s.th.”

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19.30. {goyo-}{goo-}(PZ ~ AŞ) “over s.th.”

[before vowel : goy-]

goyodums/ goyoduy/ gooduy “he puts s.th. over s.th.”

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19.31. {go3’a-}(FN ~ HP) → k’o3’a-, gu3’a-

[before vowel : go3’-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : go3’o-]

I. “before s.th. downwards”　

go3’axedun “he sits in front of s.th.”

II. “before s.o. by stepping aside”

go3’ulun “he steps aside before s.o.”

III. “by hanging ; being suspended”

go3’obun “it is suspended”

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19.32. {gula-}(HP-Limani)(AK)(ÇX) “horizontally ; horizontally to other side” → gola-

[before /a/ and /o/ : gul- (HP-Limani)(AK), gulv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : gul-]

guladumers “he puts horizontally”

gululun “he passes”

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19.33. {guşa-}(AK)(ÇX) “between or among s.th. ; through s.th.” → k’oşk’a-, goşa-

[before /a/ : guş-/ guşv- (AK), guşv- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : guş- (AK), guşv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : guş-]

guşadumers, guşadvars “he puts s.th. between or among s.th. ; he passes s.th. through s.th.”

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19.34. {gu3’a-} (AK)(ÇX) → k’o3’a-, go3’a-

[before /a/ and /o/ : gu3’- (AK), gu3’v- (ÇX)]

[before /u/ and /i/ : gu3’-]

I. “before s.th. downwards”　

gu3’axedun “he sits in front of s.th.”

II. “before s.o. by stepping aside”

gu3’ulun “he steps aside s.o.”

III. “by hanging ; being suspended”

gu3’obun “it is suspended” = gi3’a- (AK)

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19.35. {ijo-}(AK) “over” = mijo-; → eyo-; geya-; ijvo-

ijobğaps “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter over s.th.”

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19.36. {ijvo-}(ÇX) “over” eyo-; geya-; ijo-/ mijo-

ijvorçaps “he covers”

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19.37. {ik’a-}(AK) “behind” → ek’a-; mik’a-^[2]

[before vowel : ik’-]

ik’oskidun “he remains behind”

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19.38. {ila-}(AK)(ÇX) → ela-

[before /a/ and /o/ : il- (AK), ilv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /e/ : il-]

I. “upwards by a genltle slope”

ilulun “he goes up by a gentle slope”

II. “on a side of s.th.; at the end of s.th.”

ilaxedun “he sits on a side ; he sits at the end of s.th.”

III. [function unknown]

ilaçams (This verb is observed sole in some idioms.)

xe ilaçaps (AK) : “he bears a hand in s.th.”

rahat’is ilaçaps (ÇX) : “he disturbs”

nosis ilaçaps (ÇX) : “he is insane”

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19.39. {işa-}(AK)(ÇX) “upwards” → eşk’a, eşa-

[before vowel : iş-]

I. “upwards by going out from a vertically deep closed space”

II. “upwards by a long steep slope in open space”

III. “coming from lower side, towards the middle of, among or amid ”

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19.40. {i3’a-}(AK)(ÇX) → e3’a-

[before /a/ and /o/ : i3’- (AK), i3’v- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : i3’-]

I. “underneath ; below ; under”

i3’adumers/ i3’advars “he puts s.th. below”

II. “upwards coming from lower side”

i3’oç’k’idaps (AK) “he knocks against s.th. upwards from lower side”

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19.41. {k’ok’o-}(PZ ~ ÇM) [In the dialects of ÇM, both ok’o- and k’ok’o- forms are used.] “by divising in two at the middle” → ok’o-^[2]

[before /a/ : k’ok’v-]

[before /o/ : k’ok’- (PZ), k’ok’v- (ÇM)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : k’ok’- ]

k’ok’oşk’orums/ k’ok’oşk’oruy “he cuts in two at the middle”

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19.42. {k’oşk’a-} “between or among s.th. ; through s.th.” → goşa-, guşa-

[before /a/ : k’oşk’v-]

[before /o/ : k’oşk’- (PZ)(a part of AŞ) , k’oşk’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : k’oşk’o-]

k’oşk’adums/ k’oşk’aduy “he puts s.th. between or among s.th. ; he passes s.th. through s.th.”

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19.43. {k’o3’a-} (PZ ~ AŞ) [This preverb is prononced sometimes go3’a- in the dialects of ÇM-AŞ] → go3’a-, gu3’a-

[before /a/ : k’o3’v-]

[before /o/ : k’o3’- (PZ)(a part of AŞ), k’o3’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : k’o3’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : k’o3’o- ]

I. “before s.th. downwards”　

k’o3’axedun “he sits in front of s.th.”

II. “before s.o. by stepping aside”

k’o3’ulun “he steps aside before s.o.”

III. “by hanging ; being suspended”

k’o3’obun/ k’o3’vobun “it is suspended”

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19.44. {me-}

[before vowel : n-]

[sole (AK) : before va-, vo-, ma-, ga-, mo- and go- : mi-, but before vi-, vu-, mi- and gi- : me-]

I. “by moving off from the speaker in parallel with the ground”

nogutun/ nodgitun “he stops by approaching s.th.”

nulun^[1] (PZ ~ FN) “he comes to see s.o.”

nulun^[2] (AH ~ ÇX)(AK) “he goes away”

II. “a little part”

not’roxun/ not’ruxun “he gets hurt at a little part of his body”

III. [function unknown]

mek’vatums/ mek’vatuy/ mek’atups “he cuts”

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19.45. {mek’a-}(FN ~ HP) “to the opposite bank of river” → meya-, mija-

[before vowel : mek’-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : mek’e-]

I. (FN)(AH-Lome, Borğola) “to the opposite bank of river by any way”

mek’ulun^[1] “he crosses the river by any way”

II. (AH-Pilarget)(HP) “to the opposite bank without going down into the river” → mik’a-

mek’ulun^[2] “he goes to the opposite bank without going down into the river (= by a bridge, by jumping, by flying etc)”

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19.46. {mela-}^[1] (PZ ~ AŞ) “into the mouth”

[before /a/ : melv-]

[before /o/ : mel- (PZ), melv- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : mel-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : mele-]

melidums/ meliduy/ melidvams “he puts s.th. in his mouth”

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19.47. {mela-}^[2] (FN-Ç’anapet)

[before vowel : mel-]

[before ba-, bi-, bo-, bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mele-]

I. “near s.o.”

meludumers “he puts s.th. neay s.o.”

II. “by pushing”

melazdums “he shuts (a door) by pushing”

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19.48. {mela-}^[3] (FN ~ HP) “by packing or by unpacking” → mila-; mula^II

mela3’k’ums (FN), mela3’k’ims (AH) “he opens a packet”

melak’orums (FN ~ AH), melak’iyums (HP) “he makes a packet”

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19. 49. {meşa-} (FN ~ HP) “in a horizontally deep closed space” → meşk’a-, mişa-

[before vowel : meş-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ vi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : meşe-]

meşulun “he enters to a horizontally deep closed space”

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19.50. {meşk’a-}(PZ ~ AŞ) “in a horizontally deep closed space” → meşa-, mişa-

[before /a/ : meşk’v-]

[before /o/ : meşk’- (PZ), meşk’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : meşk’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : meşk’e-]

meşk’ulun“he enters to a horizontally deep closed space”

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19.51. {meya-} ~ {mea-} (FN ~ HP) → meyo-/ meo-, mija-; mek’a-, mik’a-

[before vowel : mey-]

[before ba-, va-, bi-, vi-, bo-, vo-, bu-, vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : meye-]

I.a. (FN)(AH-Lome, Borğola) “to the opposite bank of river by a bridge or by jumping from rock to rock”

meyulun^[2] “he goes to the opposite bank of river by a bridge or by jumping from rock to rock”

I.b. (AH-Pilarget)(HP) “to the opposite bank by going down into the river”

meyulun^[3] “he fords a river”

II. “again ; once more”

meyaç’ums “he burns again”

meyat’ağanums “he fries (food) again”

III. 1. “completely” 2. “all ; every”

meyaç’ums “he burns up”

meyat’ağanums “he fries everything that he finds (meat, vegetables, eggs or cheese)”

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19.52. {meyo-}(PZ)(ÇM), {meyo-} ~ {meo-}(AŞ) → meya-, mija-

[before vowel : mey-/ me-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : meye-]

I. “to the opposite bank of river (by any way)”

meyulun^[1] “he goes to the opposite bank of river”

II. “again ; once more”

meyonç’arums/ meyonç’aruy “he writes again”

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19.53. {me3’a-}(FN)(AH) “downwards from a high place”

[before vowel : me3’-]

[before ba-, bi-, bo-, bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go : me3’e-]

me3’antxen (AH) “he jumps downwards from a high place”

me3’uk’ap’un^[1] (FN) “he jumps downwards from a high place”

me3’uk’ap’un^[2] (AH) “he jumps far away from a high place”

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19.54. {mija-}^[1] (AK)(ÇX) → meyo-, meya-; mek’a-, mik’a-

[before /a/ and /o/ : mij- (AK), mijv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : mij-]

[before va-, vi-, vo-, vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mijo-]

I. (AK) “to the opposite side by clearing an obstacle”

mijulun^[1] “he goes to the opposite side by clearing an obstacle”

II. (ÇX) “to the opposite bank of river by going down into the river”

mijulun^[2] “he fords (a river)”

III. (AK)(ÇX) “again ; once more”

mijak’oro3xups “he counts again”

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19.55. {mija-}^[2] (AK) “over s.th.” → eyo-; geya-; ijo-, ijvo-

[before vowel mij-]

mijobğaps “he pours or scatters granulous or farinaceous matter over s.th.”

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19.56. {mik’a-}^[1] (AK)(ÇX) “to the opposite bank of river” → mek’a-; meyo-/ meo-, meya-, mija-

[before /a/ and /o/ : mik’- (AK), mik’v- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : mik’-]

[sole (ÇX) : before va-, vi-, vo-, vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mik’o-]

I. (AK) “to the opposite bank of river by any way”

mik’ulun^[1] “he goes to the opposite bank by any way”

II. (ÇX) “to the opposite bank of river without going down into the river (= by a bridge, by flying etc)”

mik’ulun^[2] “he goes to the opposite bank without going down lnto the river”

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19.57. {mik’a-}^[2] (AK) “behind ; at the back of” → ek’a-, ik’a-

[before vowel : mik’-]

mik’adumers “he puts s.th. behind s.th.”

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19.58. {mila-}(ÇX) “by packing or unpacking” → mela-^[3]

milak’irups (ÇX) “he makes a packet”

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19.59. {mişa-} (AK)(ÇX) “in a horizontally deep closed space” → meşk’a-, meşa-

[before /a/ and /o/ : miş- (AK), mişv- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : miş-]

[sole (ÇX) : before va-, vi-, vo-, vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mişvo-]

mişulun “he enters to a horizontally deep closed space”

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19.60. {mo-}“towards the speaker”

[before /a/ : mv- (PZ ~ ÇM), mv-/ mm-/ m- (AŞ), m- (FN ~ HP)(AK), mv-/ mm-/ m- (ÇX)]

[before /o/ : m- (PZ), mv- (ÇM), m- (AŞ ~ HP)(AK), mv-/ mm-/ m- (ÇX)]

[before /i/ : mo- (PZ ~ AŞ), m- (AŞ-Dutxe), mo- (FN ~ HP), mu- (AK)(ÇX)]

[before /u/ : m-]

[sole (AK) : before va-, ma-, ga-, vo-, mo- and go- : mu-, but before vi-, vu-, mi- and gi- : mo-]

mulun “he comes”

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19.61. {mok’a-}^[1] ~ {mok’o-}(PZ), {mok’a-}^[1] (ÇM ~ FN)(HP) “behind ; at the back of” → mik’a-^[2]

[before /a/ : mokv’- (PZ ~ AŞ), mok’- (FN)(HP)]

[before /o/ : mok’- (PZ), mok’v- (ÇM ~ AŞ), mok’- (FN)(HP) ]

[before /i/ and /u/ : mok’-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mok’o-] mok’axedun “he hides himself behind s.th.”

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19.62. {mok’a-}^[2] “from the opposite bank of river” (FN ~ HP)

[before vowel : mok’-]

[before ba-/ va-, bi-/ bi-, bo-/ vo-, bu-/ vu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : mok’o-]

I. (FN)(AH-Lome, Borğola) “from the opposite bank of river towards the speaker by any way”

mok’ulun^[1] “he comes from the opposite bank by any way”

II. (AH-Pilarget)(HP) “from the opposite bank of river towards the speaker without going down into the river (= by a bridge, by jumping etc) ” → muk’a-

mok’ulun^[2] “he comes from the opposite bank without going down into the river (= by a bridge, by jumping etc)”

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19.63. {mola-}^[1] (PZ ~ FN-Ç’anapet) “towards the speaker”

[before /a/ : molv- (PZ ~ AŞ), mol- (FN-Ç’anapet) ]

[before /o/ : mol- (PZ), molv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), mol- (FN-Ç’anapet)]

[before /i/ and /u/ : mol-]

[before va-/ ba-, vi-/ bi-, vo-/ bo-, vu-/ bu-, ma-, ga-, mi-, gi-, mo- and go- : molo-]

molazdams/ molazduy, molazdums “he shuts (an outside shutter etc) by pulling it towards himself”

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19.64. {mola-}^[2] (PZ ~ HP) “in a closed space” → mula-

[before /a/ : molv- (PZ ~ AŞ), mol- (FN ~ HP)]

[before /o/ : mol- (PZ), molv- (ÇM ~ AŞ), mol- (FN ~ HP)]