4. Adverbs
4.1. Adverbs having the root in common with pronouns
4.2. √so
4.3. Sentence modifiers
4.4. Adverbs of location and orientation
4.5. Adverbs of time, order, quantity and manner
4.6. Adverbs being derived from nouns
4.7. Comparative expression of adverbs
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● Adverbs are defined as follows in this study :
Adverb = invariable word, modifier of verb, adjective, other adverb or sentence.
A great number of words are concurrently adjective and adverb in Laz.
● See participles (→14.).
● See also derivational affixes that form adjectives and adverbs (→ 4.; 20.)。
■ The accentuation rules of adverbs are almost identical with those of nouns and adjectives. However there is a particularity: the adverbs of location and orientation and the demonstrative adverbs may have often a semantic accent on the initial syllable in addition to the morphological accent.
Accents in Laz are not so strong than those of English, German, Italian or Russian. It is not rare to meet some Laz who say that they do not know where is the accent in some Laz words.
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◘◘◘ Interjections of affirmation and negation ◘◘◘
The Laz words ho and var, corresponding to the English words “yes” and “no”, are not considered in this study as adverbs like in English grammar, but as “interjections of affirmation and negation” (→ 9.1.).
These words do not modify any verb, adjective, adverb or sentence. They do not correspond to our definition of adverb.
The interjection of negation var is homophonous with the morpheme var ~ va, one of the negation markers in verbal complex (→ 11.8.).
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●●● The “Altered document” presents as Laz terms coxoşi noçine (p. 63) and verbişi noçine (p. 71) respectively for equivalent of adjective and adverb. These expessions are not understood by any Laz except İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi who fabricated them. Coxoşi may mean “of noun”, and verbişi “of verb”. But the form noçine does not mean anything.
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4.1. Adverbs having the root in common with pronouns
4.1.1. √mi
4.1.2. √mu
4.1.3. √mu + √ni [√ni only in the dialects of Fındıklı]
4.1.4. √na
4.1.5. √ha ~ √a, √hi ~ √he ~ √e
4.1.6. Adverbs being derived from personal pronouns
● The interrogative adverbs are used also as indefinite adverbs (→ 16.2. Concessive propositions).
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4.1.1. √mi
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umiteli (Centre・East) orphan ; (couple) having lost all children
< miti (no one) + circumposition{u-......-eli}(without)
● This word is concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.1.).
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4.1.2. √mu
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4.1.2.1.
muç’e (PZ) how
muç’o[1] (ÇM)(AŞ)
muç’o[1] (Centre)
muç’o[1] ~ muç’oşi (1) (East)
● This word is considered in this study, provisionally, as concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.2.). It is to be remarked that the meaning in adjective use concerns only the health according to many Laz speakers.
● See the preposition muç’o (→ 5.1.1. muç’o[2] “as if”) and the anteposed conjunction muç’o (→ 6.1.1. muç’o[3] “as soon as”).
●●● (1) Suffix {-şi} : The suffix on the final of the word muç’oşi is homophonous with several morphemes: the genitive marker (→ 1.1.1.5.), derivational suffixes forming adjectives and nouns (→ 3.6.) etc.
It appears “capriciously” on the final of certain adverbs with a particularity : it does not modify utterly the meaning or the function of the word to which it is affixed. We have to recognize that it is an expletive morpheme. Further researches are necessary on the difference of nuance between forms with and without this siffix.
muç’oşi (HP) = muç’o how (concerning one’s health)
nişeburaşi (FN) = nişebura (FN) by themselves
udorgaluşi (*) = udorgalu (*) [adv.] without planting : [adj.] not planted
(*) {u-} + verbal noun (→ 15.) derived from the verb dorgams (plant). (**)
(**) In this study, the representative form of verb is the indicative mood imperfective
present tense third person singular.
● There is a case of this expletive suffix attached to a noun.
bere buraşi (AŞ) = bere bura (AŞ) = bere bara (PZ)(FN) wife and children
The original meaning of the word bura ~ bara, observed only in this locution, is no more known nowadays.
■ Morphologically and semantically, the example above-mentioned is indisputably a compound word. However the components are written separately, even without hyphen, in this study because each of them constitute by itself an accent unity.
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4.1.2.2.
mundes (PZ) when, whenever
munde (ÇM)(AŞ) (1)
mundes ~ mundez (Centre・East)
Derived adverb: mundeşa (2) until when, how long
Derived adjective: mundeneri of what time
● (1) The consonants s and z cannot occur on the final in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen (→ 1.1.1.4., 1.1.2.). After studying the conjugation of verbs (→ 13.), it appears that these consonants were existent on the final in these dialects till recently.
■ (2) In the word mundeşa, accent is on the initial syllable. {mundes + -şa = mundeşa}, because the consonant s disappears regularly before ş in Laz.
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4.1.2.3.
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muşen why
● The ablative case of the interrogative pronoun mu (what) is homophonous with this adverb.
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muşeni (*) why
(*) muyaşeni in the dialects of Pazar.
● See the postposition şeni (for) (→ 5.2.1.).
■ Accent is on the initial syllable of both variants.
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4.1.2.4. umuteli (Centre・East) without nothing
< mutu (nothing) + circumfix{u-......-eli}(without)
● The word is concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.2.).
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4.1.3. √mu + √ni [√ni only in Fındıklı]
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muşebu(r)a (Centre・East) by oneself (sg.) ; in the style of oneself (sg.)
nişebu(r)a ~ ninteşebu(r)a (FN) by oneself (pl.) ; in the style of oneself (pl.)
● See {-eburi}{-ebura}(→ 4.1.6., 4.6.)
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4.1.4. √na
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4.1.4.1.
(PZ) nak ~ nay where; wherever (1)
(a part of AD) nay
Derived adverbs:
nakele (PZ) ~ nakole (part AD) to which place, from where (2)
nakelendo (PZ) ~ nakolendo (part AD) by which way (3)
nakşa (PZ)(part AD) till where (4)
Derived adjective:
nakonur(i) (PZ)(part AD) native of where; settled where (5)
(1) corresponds to the locative and directive cases of nouns.
(2) corresponds to both directive and ablative cases of nouns. Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the orientation of action.
The existence of such ambidirective adverbs should probably facilitate the fusion of directive and ablative cases in an unique ambidirective case in western dialects.
(3) Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the place of passage.
(4) The suffix -şa (till, until) is homophonous with the directive case marker of nouns. It is possible that there is an etymological relation with the postposition şakiz ~ şakis (→ 5.2.1.) observed in the central and eastern dialects.
(5) Replying to the question “nakonuri”, Laz married women may give two place names: the place where they are settled and, less often, their birthplace.
● Except in Pazar, words having the root √so (→ 4.2.) are used for questions concerning location and orientation.
● The consonant k cannot occur on the final syllable in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen (→ 1.1.1.3., 1.1.2.). The variant nay is frequently observed in Pazar also.
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4.1.4.2.
nak’u (West) ~ nak’o (Centre・East) (*) how much, how many, how long
Derived adverb: nak’otiyen (FN) any quantity
● nak’otiyen < {nak’o-ti yen}(whatever the quantity is)
In the dialects of Fındıklı, there are some cases of concessive clauses (→ 16.2.) which became compound pronouns like mitiyen (anyone)(→ 2.1.2.4.) and mutuyen (anything) (→ 2.2.2.4.). These pronouns are declined with case markers like all other pronouns.
■ In the word nak’otiyen, accent is on the initial syllable.
● (*) It is possible that there is an etymological relation between the suffix -k’o and the postposition k’onar(i) ~ k’ona (→ 5.2.1.) observed in central and eastern dialects.
● nak’u ~ nak’o is concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.4.).
●●● In the Altered document, pp. 63, 64 and 72, it is mentioned that
«this word is not used concerning the time.»(*)
It is an untrue affirmation entirely due to the phantasm of my former coauthor (*) (→ 3.1.2., 3.1.4., 4.1.2.).
(*) It is to be remarked that there is the same untrue mention in the « Laz-Turkish Dictionnary » (Istanbul, 1999, İsmail Bucaklişi and Hasan Uzunhasanoğlu).
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4.1.4.3.
namk’ale (West) ~ namk’ele (Centre) on which side, to which side
Derived adverbs:
namk’alendo (West) by which side
namk’elendo (Centre) to which side, by which side (1)
~ namk’elendon (Centre)
(1) In Fındıklı, there are some villages whre namk’elendo (to which side) and namk’elendon (by which side) are used as distinct words.
■ The suffix {-k’ale}~{-k’ele} has no accent if it is at the final of a word. The complex forms {-k’alendo} ~ {-k’elendo} ~ {-k’elendon} take accent on the penultimate syllable.
Derived adjective:
namk’elen(i) ~ namk’elendon(i) (FN) of which side
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4.1.5. √ha ~ √a, √hi ~ √he ~ √e
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4.1.5.1.
hak ~ hako ~ hay (PZ) here (1)
hay ~ hako (ÇM)(AŞ)
hak ~ hako (Centre)
ak ~ ako (East)
Derived adverbs:
hakele (PZ) here, from here (2)
~ hakole (ÇM)(AŞ)(Centre)
~ akole (East)
hakelendo through this place (3)
~ hakolendo ~ hakolendon
~ akolendon
hakolek’ele (FN) toward this side
hakşa ~ akşa until here
hakşakiz ~ hakşakis till now
Derived adjective:
hakonur(i) native of this place; settled here (4)
~ hakonu(y)i ~ hakon(i)
~ akon(i)
(1) corresponds to the locative and directive cases of nouns.
(2) corresponds to both directive and ablative cases of nouns. Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the orientation of action.
The existence of such ambidirective adverbs should probably facilitate the fusion of directive and ablative cases in an unique ambidirective case in western dialects.
(3) Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the place of passage.
(4) Married women are “hakonurepe ~ (h)akonepe” if they are settled “here”, wherever they are native.
■ In the word hakolek’ele, accent is on the seconde syllable from the initial: the suffix {-k’ele}, inaccented, has no incidence on the place of accent in the word to which it is affixed.
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hik ~ hiko (PZ) there
hey ~ hiko ~heko (ÇM)(AŞ)
hek ~ heko (Centre)
ek ~ eko (East)
Derived adverbs:
hikele ~ hikole ~ hekole ~ ekole to that place, from there
hikelendo ~ hikolendo through that place
~ hekolendo(n) ~ ekolendon
hekolek’ele (FN) toward there
hikşa ~ hekşa ~ ekşa until there
Derived adjective:
hikonur(i) ~ hekonu(y)i native of that place; settled there
~ hekon(i) ~ ekon(i)
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4.1.5.2.
hak’u ~ hak’o ~ ak’o this much
hik’u ~ hek’o ~ ek’o that much
These words are concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.5.).
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4.1.5.3.
hamk’ale (West) ~ hamk’ele (Centre) on this side, to this side
himk’ale ~ hemk’ale (West) ~ hemk’ele (Centre) on that side, to that side
Derived adjectives:
hamk’alen(i) ~ hamk’elen(i) of this side
himk’alen(i) ~ hemk’alen(i) ~ hemk’elen(i) of that side
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4.1.5.4.
haşo ~ aşo in this way ; toward here
hişo ~ heşo ~eşo in that way ; toward there
This words are concurrently adverb and adjective (→ 3.1.5.). They have also variants with the expletive morpheme {-şi}(→ 4.1.2.), i.e. haşoşi, hişoşi ~ heşoşi.
Derived adverbs:
haşote(n) ~ aşoten in this way
hişote ~ heşote(n) ~ eşoten in that way
haşopete(n) ~ aşopeten by continuing in this way
hişopete ~ heşopete(n) by continuing in that way
~ eşopeten
● The final affix of the words above-mentioned is identical with the instrumental case marker of nouns. A great number of Laz speakers say that they feel the affix -pe- as identical with the plural marker of nouns.
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4.1.6. Adverbs derived from personal pronouns
(See {-eburi}{-ebura}→ 4.1.3., 4.6.)
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4.1.6.1. Suffix {-eburi} (West)
şk’imeburi by myself, of my own accord (1)
sk’aneburi by yourself, of your own accord (1)
şk’uneburi by ourselves, of our own accord (1)
t’k’vaneburi by yourselves, of your own accord (1)
(1) Further semantic researches are necessary concerning these terms (→3.1.6.).
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4.1.6.2. Suffix {-ebura} (Centre・East)
çkimebura by myself, of mt own accord; in my own way
skanebura by yourself, of your own accord; in your own way
çkunebura (Centre) by ourselves, of our own accord; in our own way (*)
~ çkinebura (East)
tkvanebura by yourselves, of your own accord; in your own way
(*) Means also “with our language, in Laz” (→3.1.6.).
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4.1.6.3. circumfix {u-......-eli}
skani (*) → uskaneli (Centre・East) without you
(*) skani = genitive of si (you, sg.)
● The circumfix {u-......-eli} is observed in all dialects. However it is never affixed to pronouns in western dialects (→ 4.6.). See two postpostions (→ 5.2.1. sure, suzi) and an ambiposition (→ 5.4.1. dixo) synonymous with this circumfix.
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4.2. √so where
A great number of adverbs and adjectives have the root √so which has developed two systems of derivation:
I. interrogative-indefinite words of location and orientation (→ 4.1.4., 4.1.5., 4.4.),
II. indefinite words by the same paradigm as the roots √mi (→ 2.1.) and √mu (→ 2.2.).
Words having the root √so are observed in all dialects except in Pazar.
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4.2.1. Interrogative-indefinite adverb so and words being derived from it
so where; wherever (1)
Derived adverbs:
sole where, from where (2)
solendo ~ solendon through which place (3)
sokşa (ÇM)(AŞ) (4) (5) till where
~ soşa (Centre・East)
Derived adjective:
sonur(i) ~ sonu(y)i ~ soni (6) native of where; settled where (7)
● The words above-mentioned are concurrently interrogative and indefinite.
(1) corresponds to the locative and directive cases of nouns.
(2) corresponds to both directive and ablative cases of nouns. Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the orientation of action.
The existence of such ambidirective adverbs should probably facilitate the fusion of directive and ablative cases in an unique ambidirective case in western dialects.
(3) Interrogative-indefinite word concerning the place of passage.
(4) Sokşa should be formed by analogy with hakşa (till here), hikşa (till there) and nakşa (till where).
(5) The suffix -şa (till, until) is homophonous with the directive case marker of nouns. It is possible that there is an etymological relation with the postposition şakiz ~ şakis (→ 5.2.1.) observed in the central and eastern dialects.
(6) The curious form sokonuri is observed in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen. It should have resulted from the fusion of sonuri and nakonuri.
(7) Replying to the question “sonuri”, Laz married women may give two place names: the place where they are settled and, less often, their birthplace.
● In the dialects of Pazar, the root √na (→ 4.1.4.) is observed in place of √so.
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4.2.2. Indefinite adverb soti and words being derived from it
soti [in negative sentences] not ... anywhere, nowhere
[in concessive sentences] wherever
a(r) soti [in affirmative sentences] somewhere
sotik’ere (PZ) anywhere
~ sotik’ore (AŞ)
~ sotiyen (FN)
■ Accent is on the initial syllable in sotik’ere, sotik’ore and sotiyen.
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4.2.3. Indefinite adverb so(n)txa(ni) and words being derived from it
sotxa ~ sontxa ~ sontxani ~ sotxani somewhere known
~ suntxa ~ suntxani
ar sotxa ~ ar sontxa ~ ar sontxani ~ ar sotxani somewhere unknown
~ ar suntxa ~ ar suntxani
sontxaniyen (FN) anywhere
sotxale to somewhere, fron somewhre
sotxalendo through somewhere
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4.3. Sentence modifiers
Examples, used in sentence, of adverbs mentioned below will be shown in the chapters concerning the verbs. Some of them can be called “sentence-initial modifiers” because they appear always at the initial of sentence and announce beforehand the mood, aspect and tense of final verb.
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ar ~ a once for trial
● See the numeral “1” (→ 3.2.1.)
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egizila (FN) (+ votive) ah, if ... [remorse, regret]
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encami anyhow
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k’o[1] (PZ-HP) (+ votive) ah, if ... [wish, desire]
● This monosyllabic adverb is homophonous with the votive marker (→ 13.) and one of the variants of the postposition k’onari (→ 5.2.1.).
k’oyi (ÇX) (+ votive) ah, if ... [wish, desire]
■ These sentence modifiers are strongly accented.
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mot ~ mo (PZ) why
moy (ÇM)(AŞ)
mot ~ moda (Centre・East)
● The negative marker of the prohibitive and prohibitive-optative moods is homophonous with this adverb (→ 13.).
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p’iya ~ p’e(y)a if, by any chance ......
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t’ora (+ indicative mood simple perfective or imperfective past tense)
came near [do]ing
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4.4. Adverbs of location and orientation
Significant regional difference is observed in the morphology and semantic of Laz
adverbs showing location and orientation. For example, an identical form can be ambidirective in a region and monodirective in all others.
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4.4.1. √me, √mo
√me = far away ; going away
√mo = close by ; drawing near, coming near
● Some important preverbs (→ 11.7.,19.) have also these roots.
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(Western dialects)
mele far away; going away (1)
ti-mele (2) going away
melendo from a distance
melenk’ale (3) on the other side, to the other side
~ melendok’ale (AŞ) (4)
(Central dialects)
mele far away; going away (1)
melendo ~ melendon (FN) going away, from a distance (5)
~ melendo ~ melonde (AH)
melenk’ele (FN) (3)(6) on the other side, to the other side
~ melendok’ele (FN)(AH)
~ melondek’ele (AH)
(Eastern dialects)
mele far away; going away (1)
melendo(n) ~ melonde(n) from a distance
Example with a complement of location (7)
oxorişi mele to the other side of the house
~ oxorişen mele
Derived adjective:
melen(i) ~ melendon(i) which is on the other side
~ melonden(i) (AH)(East)
Melen Sarp part of Sarp village that is on the other side of the
border (in Georgia Republique)
oxorişi melendoni nca the tree which is on the other side of the house
sinurişi melondeni bozope girls who live in the other side of the border
Compound adverbs:
zuğa-mele on the opposite side of the sea, overseas
3’k’a-mele (FN) across the river
3’k’a-melendo (FN) to (toward) the other side of the river
3’k’a-melendon (FN) from the other side of the river
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(West)
mole drawing near, coming near (1)
ti-mole (2) drawing near, coming near
molendo passing here
molenk’ale (3) on this side, to this side
~ molendok’ale (AŞ) (4)
(Centre)
mole drawing near, coming near (1)
molendo ~ molendon (FN) passimg here, to this side (5)
~ molendo ~ molonde (AH)
molenk’ele (FN)(3)(6) on this side, to this side
~ molendok’ele (FN)(AH)
~ molondek’ele (AH)
(East)
mole drawing near, coming near (1)
molendo(n) ~ molonde(n) passing here
Derived adjective:
molen(i) ~ molendon(i) which is on this side
~ molonden(i) (AH)(East)
Molen Sarp part of Sarp village which is on this side of the
border (in Turkey)
Compound adverbs:
3’k’a-mole (FN) on this side of the river
3’k’a-molendo (FN) to (toward) this side of the river
3’k’a-molendon (FN) by this side of the river
● (2) The prefix {ti-} is observed only in western dialects.
● ■ (3) {-k’ale} ~ {-k’ele}
● In these examples, {-k’ale} and {-k’ele} are derivational suffixes forming adverbs. See homophonous and synonymous postpositions (→ 5.2.1.).
■ {-k’ale} and {-k’ele} are non-accented morphemes. They have no incidence on the place of accent of the word to which they are attached.
● (4) In the dialects of Ardeşen, melenk’ale and molenk’ale are used less frequently than melendok’ale and molendok’ale.
● (5) Ambidirective adverb.
● In Fındıklı, there are some villages where melendo (going away) and
melendon (from a distance), molendo (to this side) and molendon (passing here)
seem to be distinct words (ex. Ç’alanez*i).
● (6) Other forms like melenk’elen ~ melendok’elen (passing by the other side), molenk’elen ~ molendok’elen (passing by this side) are observed in the dialects of Fındıklı.
Derived adjectives:
melenk’elen(i) ~ melendok’elen(i) which is on the other side
molenk’elen(i) ~ molendok’elen(i) which is on this side
(Same remarks can be done for all words formed with the suffix{-k’ele})
● (7) The complement of location is generally in genitive case. But systematic use of ablative case is observed in some localities. Further researches are necessary on this matter.
● Adverbs with case suffixes of nouns are observed in some localities: melondeşa (going far away), melondeşen (passing by the other side) in the dialects of Hopa, and melenk’aleşa (to the other side, passing by the other side) in the dialects of Ardeşen. Has the border between nouns and adverbs of location and orientation a tendancy to become ambiguous ?
(Same remarks can be done for all words formed with the suffixes {-onde} and {-k’ale})
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4.4.2. √jin, √tude
√jin = vertically to the upper part, on the top, up, above
√tude = vertically to the lower part, in the bottom, down, below, beneath, under
● Derivational system of these roots are not parallele to that of √me and √mo.
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(West)
jin (PZ) ~ cin (ÇM)(AŞ) vertically to the upper part, on the top, up, above
ti-jin ~ ti-cin vertically to the upper part, to the top, up, above
jindo ~ cindo vertically from (by) the upper part, from (by) the top
jink’ale ~ cink’ale vertically on (to, from, by) the upper side, upside
~ cindok’ale (AŞ)
(Centre)
jin vertically to the upper part, on the top, up, above
jindole ~ jindolen (1) vertically to (from, by, on) the upper part or the top
jindolek’ele vertically on (to, from, by) the upper side, upside
(East)
jin vertically ti the upper part, on the top, up, above
jindole ~ jindolen vertically from (by) the upper part, from (by) the top
Derived adjective:
jin(i) which is on the vertically upper part, upper, above
~ jindon(i) ~ cindon(i) (West)
~ jindolen(i)(Centre・East)
Jin Napşit Laz name of Yukarı Şahinler village in Arhavi
Adverbial locution:
jin do jin (FN) to (on) the highest places (of mauntains, for example)
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(West)
tude vertically to the lower part, in the bottom, below
ti-tude vertically to the lower part, to the bottom, below
tudendo passing by the vertically lower part, by the bottom
tudenk’ale vertically on (to, from, by) the lower side, downside
~ tudendok’ale (AŞ)
(Centre)
tude vertically to the lower part, in the bottom, below
tudendo passing by the vertically lower part, by the bottom
tudele ~ tudelen (1) on (passing by) the vertically lower part or bottom
tudelek’ele vertically on (to, from, by) the lower side, downside
(East)
tude vertically to the lower part, in the bottom, below
tudendo(n) passing by the vertically lower part or bottom
tudele(n) on the vertically lower part or bottom, below
Example with a complement of location:
livadişi tudelek’ele below the vegetable garden
Derived adjective:
tuden(i) which is on the vertically lower part, lower, below
~ tudendon(i)
~ tudelen(i) (Centre・East)
Tuden Napşit Laz name of Aşağı Şahinler village in Arhavi
● (1) Ambidirective.
● In Fındıklı, there are some localities (*) where jindole (vertically up, above)
and jindolen (passing by the vertically upper part, from the top), tudele (below,
to the vertically lower part) and tudelen (passing by the vertically lower part,
from the bottom) seem to be distinct words.
(*) ex. Ç’alanez*i
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4.4.3. √jile, √3’ale
√jile = to (on, by, from) the obliquely upper part, up
√3’ale = to (on, by, from) the obliquely lower part, down
Derivational system is parallele to that of √me and √mo.
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(West)
jile ~ cile to (on) the obliquely upper part, up
ti-jile ~ ti-cile to the obliquely upper part, up
jilendo ~ cilendo passing by the obliquely upper part, up
jilenk’ale ~ cilenk’ale to (on, by, from) the obliquely upper side, upside
~ cilendok’ale (AŞ)
(Centre)
jile to (on) the obliquely upper part, up
jilendo ~ jilendon (FN) to (passing by) the obliquely upper part (1)
~ jilendo ~ jilonde (AH)
jilenk’ele (FN) to (on, by, from) the obliquely upper side, upside
~ jilendok’ele (FN)(AH) (2)
~ jilondek’ele (AH)
(East)
jile to (on) the obliquely upper part, up
jilendo(n) ~ jilonde(n) to (passing by, from) the obliquely upper part
Derived adjective:
jilen(i) ~ cilen(i) which is on the obliquely upper part, upper
~ jilendon(i) ~ cilendon(i)
~ jilondeni
Jilen Mzğem Laz name of Yukarı Durak village in Ardeşen
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(West)
3’ale to (on) the obliquely lower part, down
ti-3’ale to the obliquely lower part, down
3’alendo passing by the obliquely lower part, down
3’alenk’ale to (on, by, from) the obliquely lower side, downside
~ 3’alendok’ale (AŞ)
(Centre)
3’ale to (on) the obliquely lower part, down
3’alendo ~ 3’alendon (FN) to (passing by) the obliquely lower part (1)
~ 3’alendo ~ 3’alonde (AH)
3’alenk’ele (FN) to (on, by, from) the obliquely lower side, downside
~ 3’alendok’ele (FN)(AH)(2)
~ 3’alondek’ele (AH)
(East)
3’ale to (on) the obliquely lower part, down
3’alendo(n) ~ 3’alonde(n) passing by the obliquely lower part, down
Derived adjective:
3’alen(i) ~ 3’alendon(i) which is on the obliquely lower part, lower
~ 3’alonden(i)
3’alen Mzğem Laz name of Aşağı Durak village in Ardeşen
● (1) Ambidirective.
● In Fındıklı, there are some localities where jilendo (to the obliquely upper
part) and jilendon (passing by the obliquely upper part), 3’alendo (to the
obliquely lower part) and 3’alendon (passing by the obliquely lower part) seem
to be distinct word.
● (2) Other forms like jilenk’elen ~ jilendok’elen (passing by the obliquely upper part), 3’alenk’elen ~ 3’alendok’elen (passing by obliquely lower part) are observed in Fındıklı.
Derived adjectives:
jilenk’elen(i) ~ jilendok’elen(i) which is on the obliquely upper side, upper
3’alenk’elen(i) ~ 3’alendok’elen(i) which is on the obliquely lower side, lower
______________________________________________________________________
4.4.4. √gale, √doloxe
√gale = out, outside
√doloxe = in, inside
Derivational system of these roots is grosso modo parallele to that of √me, √mo, √jile and √3’ale.
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(West)
gale to (on) the outside, out
ti-gale going out
galendo passing by the outside
galenk’ale to (on, by, from) the outside
~ galendok’ale (AŞ)
(Centre)
gale to (on) the outside, out
galendo ~ galendon (FN) to (by) the outside, out (1)
~ galendo ~ galonde (AH)
galenk’ele (FN) to (on, by, from) the outside
~ galendok’ele (FN)(AH)(2)
~ galondek’ele (AH)
(East)
gale to (on) the outside
galendo(n) ~ galonde(n) passing by the outside
Example with complement of location :
oxorişi gale out of the house, outdoors
~ oxorişen gale
Derived adjective:
galen(i) ~ galendon(i) outside
~ galonden(i)
galeni k’oçi stranger (man)
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(West)
doloxe to the inside, inside
ti-doloxe to the inside
doloxendo passing by the inside
doloxenk’ale to (on, by, from) the inside
~ doloxendok’ale
(Centre)
doloxe to the inside, inside
doloxendo ~ doloxendon (1) to (passing by) the inside
doloxenk’ele (FN) to (by, from) the inside, inside
~ doloxendok’ele (FN)(AH) (2)
(East)
doloxe to the inside, inside
doloxendo(n) passing by the inside
Derived adjective:
doloxen(i) ~ doloxendon(i) inside
● (1) Ambidirective.
● In Fındıklı, there are some localities where galendo (to the outside) and galendon (passing by the outside), doloxendo (to the inside) and doloxendon (passing by the inside) seem to be distinct words.
● (2) Other forms like galenk’elen ~ galendok’elen (passing by the outside), doloxenk’elen ~ doloxendok’elen (passing by the inside) are observed in Fındıklı.
Derived adjectives:
galenk’elen(i) ~ galendok’elen(i) outside
doloxenk’elen(i) ~ doloxendok’elen(i) inside
______________________________________________________________________
4.4.5. √oği ~ √ogi and √3’oxle
√oği ~ √ogi = [location・orientation] (in) front
= [order] before (→ 4.5.1.)
√3’oxle = [location・orientation] (in) front
= [time] ago (→ 4.5.1.)
● Derivational system of these roots are not parallele to that of other adverbs of location and orientation.
●●● The antonym k’ap’ula (back) is not an adverb, but a noun.
______________________________________________________________________
(PZ)
oğine[1] ~ oğinde in front, to the front
oğinde k’ale to (on, by, from) the anterior side
(ÇM)(AŞ)
ogine[1] ~ oginde in front, to the front
oginde k’ale to (on, by, from) the anterior side
(Centre)
ogine[1] ~ oginde in front, to the front
ogindele (1) to (passing by) the front (2)
ogindele k’ele (1) to (on, by, from) the anterior side
(East)
oğinde in front, to the front
oğindele (1) to (passing by) the front
3’oxle in front, to the front
3’oxleşen to (passing by) the front
Example with complement of ocation :
oxoriş ogine ~ oxoriş oginde in front of the house
oxoyiş 3’oxleşen (HP) passing by the front of house
Derived adjective:
oğinen(i) ~ oginen(i) ~ oginden(i) anterior
● See oğine[2], ogine[2] (before) (→ 4.5.1.).
■ (1) In the words ogindele, ogindele k’ele, oğindele, accent is exceptionally on the second syllable from the initial.
● (2) Ambidirective.
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4.4.6. Right, left and north, south, east, west
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4.4.6.1. “Right” and “left”
As it is observed in number of languages (*), the laz language has no proper terms meaning “right” and “left” (→ 4.4.1.).
(*) French “droit(e)” < droit(e) (= straight) ; cf. latin dextra
(*) English “right” < right (= straight)
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4.4.6.2. Cardinal points
There is no proper Laz terms indicating the cardinal points. (1)(2)
(1) The terms yulva (= east) and gyulva (= west) are shown in some publications done by Laz authors (For example, the “Altered document”). But these terms are not observed in any Laz dialects. A Laz or a group of Laz should have coined them from the verbs yulun (go up vertically) and gyulun (go down vertically). Had they imagine that the phoneme /gy/, that does not exist in western dialects, could be harmoniously combined with the ending -lva, which does not exist in central and eastern dialects ?
●●● (2) Some people are asserting every day : « Laz is not truely a language because it lacks a lot of essential words. » With such a quibble, English, for example, should not be truely a language, because a lot of English words like “united”, “states”, “nation”, “beauty”, “money”, “mountain”, “river” etc are borrowed from French !! These people do not know that there is no language on Earth without loan words.
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4.5. Adverbs of time, order, quantity and manner
______________________________________________________________________
4.5.1. Adverbs of time and order
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hus (PZ) ~ huy (ÇM)(AŞ) now
ha3’i (FN)(AH) ~ a3’i (HP)(ÇX)
Derived adverbs:
husişuk’ule ~ hust’işuk’ule ~ ha3’işkule from now on
huşa (West) (*) until now
(*){hus + -şa}: -s- disappears before -ş-.
Derived adjective:
husineri ~ hust’ineri ~ ha3’ineri present, of today
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hindos (PZ) then (*)
him ora, himdora (ÇM)(AŞ)
hemindoraz
~ hemindoras (Centre・East)
(*) Meanings are different according to the tense:
[past tense] then, at that time, in those days
[future tense] then; in such a case; if it happens that
Derived adjective: hindoneri ~ hemindoraneri of that time
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p’anda[1] (*) (PZ)(ÇM) toujours
irote (AŞ)
p’anda[1] (*) (FN)
iyya ~ p’anda (AH)
p’ant’a (HP)
p’anda[1] (ÇX)
● (*) Identical form is observed in Pazar and Fındıklı.
● See the circumposition {p’anda ... st’er(i)}(as if it were) (→ 5.3.1., 6.4.1.) observed in Ardeşen that is located between Pazar, Çamlıhemşin and Fındıklı.
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andğa (West) ~ handğa (Centre) ~ andğa (East) today
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ğoma (West・Centre) ~ ğoman (East) yesterday
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p’işindğa (West) the day before ysterday
oginendğa (Centre)
oğineşindğa ~ 3’oxleşindğa (East)
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oç’ume (PZ)(ÇM) tomorrow
ç’uman(i) (AŞ)
ç’ume (centre・East)
● The root of these word seem to be identical with that of ç’umanişe (morning).
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cendğani (West) ~ gendğani (Centre・East) the day after tomorrow
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met’i-gendğani (Centre) two days after tomorrow
~ mecgendğani (East)
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3’o (PZ)
ham3’o ~ han3’o (ÇM・AD・Centre) ~ an3’o (East) this year
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go3’o last year
go3’os (a part of Centre)
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p’işi3’ana (West) the year before last
oginen 3’ana (Centre)
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3’anaşe next year
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met’i-3’anaşe (Centre) the year after next
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3’oxle long ago
Derived adjective: 3’oxlene(y)i (East) old, ancient
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oğine[2] (PZ) before; ago(1)(2)
ogi ~ ogine[2] (ÇM・AD)
ogine[2] (Centre)
oğine (East)
Derived adjective: oğinen(i) ~ oginen(i) anterior (1)(2)
(1) Noun (or pronoun) in ablative or ambidirective cases precedes the adverb in order to explain “before who, before what”.
(2) Temporal expession in absolutive case precedes the adverb in order to explain “how many time ago, how many time before”.
● Ex. : “before who, before what”
şk’imde ogi (AŞ) ~ çkimden ogine (Centre) before me
şk’imde oginen k’oçepe (AŞ) men who are before me
~ çkimden oginen k’oçepe (Centre)
Ramazanişen oginen tutaz in the month before Ramadan
● Ex. : “how many time ago”
sum ndğa ogine three days ago
sum ndğa oginen gazete journal published three days ago
● Ex. : “how many time before who”
Emineşa xuti ndğa ogine (AŞ) five days before Emine
~ Emineşen xu(t) ndğa ogine (FN)
● See oğine[1] , ogine[1] (→ 4.4.5).
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uk’ai (PZ) later on
uk’açxe (ÇM)(AŞ) (FN)
uk’ule (FN)(HP)(ÇX)
ok’açxe, ok’ule (AH)
______________________________________________________________________
4.5.2. Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of quantity are concurrently adverb and adjective.
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m3ik’a ~ m3ika ~ p3ika little
a(r) m3ik’a ~ a(r) m3ika ~ a(r) p3ika a little
Adverbial locution:
m3ik’a m3ik’a ~ m3ika m3ika little by little
~ p3ika p3ika
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opşa (PZ)(1) many, much, a lot
zade (ÇM)(AŞ) (2)
dido (Centre)(East)
●(1) In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin, Ardeşen etc, opşa means “full”.
■(2) In the word zade, accent is exceptionally on the final.
______________________________________________________________________
4.5.3. Adverbs of manner
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xvala alone
xvala xvala alone (preferring to be thus)
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ok’ok’ateri (1) together (from the beginning)
elak’ateri (2) together (joining afterward)
(1) Participle of a verb meaning “mix with”(→ 14.).
(2) Participle of a verb meaning “join afterward”(→ 14.).
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apiçora (ÇM)(AŞ) ~ apiçoraz (FN) quick, fast ; suddenly
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ordo early
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ordoşe very early
■ Accent is on the initial.
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leba (West・a part of FN) late
yano (a part of FN・AH・East)
● Both leba and yano are observed in Fındıklı.
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şa[1] (Centre・East) as much as possible
Şa şvi. Drink as much as you can.
şvi : actional verb şums (drink) in imperative mood singular (*)
(*) In this study, the representative form of verb is the indicative mood
imperfective present tense third person singular.
● See homophonous conjunction (→ 7.3. şa[2]).
____________________________________________________________________
4.6. Adverbs derived from nouns
______________________________________________________________________
4.6.1. Suffixes meaning « in the style of, like »
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4.6.1.1. «like Laz »
{-eburi} ~ {-ebu(r)a} (1)
{-uri ~ -u(y)i}(2)
(1) → 3.1.3., 3.1.6., 4.1.3., 4.1.6., 20.
(2) → 3.3.3.4., 3.3.3.5., 20.
Lazeburi (PZ) in the style of Laz, like Laz ; in Laz (3)
~ Lazebu(r)a (ÇM・AD・Centre・East)
Lazuri ~ Lazuyi like Laz, in Laz (4)
(3) with Laz language and culture
(4) with Laz language
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4.6.1.1.1. Lazeburi ~ Lazebura ~ Lazebua
(PZ) Lazeburi ixap’aran. (1) They speak Laz. (2)
(ÇM) Lazebura ilak’irdaman. They speak Laz. (2)
(AŞ)(FN) Lazebu(r)a isinapaman. They speak Laz. (2)
(AH) Lazebu(r)a ip’aramitaman. They speak Laz. (2)
(HP)(ÇX) Lazebua ğarğalapan. (3) They speak Laz. (2)
● (1) ixap’aran = (PZ) they speak (normally). The same word means « they cry in anger» in Çamlıhemşin, Ardeşen etc.
● (2) There are several verbs meaning « speak » according to the region.
● (3) In the dialect of Sarp, Lazebua ğağalapan.
■ Accent is on the antepenultimate in four verbs ixap’aran, ilak’irdaman, isinapaman and ip’aramitaman. But ğarğalapan and ğağalapan have their accent on the initial. The rules (and exceptions) of accentuation of verbs will be described in the chapters concerning verbs.
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4.6.1.1.2. Lazuri ~ Lazu(y)i
(AH)
Ar destani p’ç’ari, mteli Lazuri. (1) I wrote a destani entirely in laz
ar a, one
destani Laz love song. Verses of eleven syllables form quatrains with double rhyme: the final syllable and the vowel of the penultimate are identical for the first three verses of each quatrain.
p’ç’ari I wrote (indicative mood perfective past tense 1st pers. sg. of the verb ç’arums =
“write”.)
mteli all, entirely
Lazuri in Laz
(1) It is a passage of destani with five quatrains “Atmacaş ora (Hawking season)” written by the late Yaşar Turna, poet native of Arhavi (last quatrain first verse). The word order is reversed because of the rhyme: ordinary the verb is always at the end of sentence in Laz.
● Lazuri is concurrently an adjective (→ 3.3.3.5.).
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4.6.1.2. Other cases
{-eburi}~{-leburi} (West)
{-ebura}~{-lebura} (Centre・East)
bere : child → bereburi ~ berebura : childishly
komoli : husband → komoleburi ~ komolebu(r)a : manlily
~ kimoli (East) → ~ kimolebua
xorz*a (PZ) : woman, wife → xorz*aleburi : womanlily
~ oxorca → oxorcaleburi ~ oxorcalebu(r)a
_____________________________________________________________________________
4.6.2. circumfix {u-......-eli}
nciri : sleep → uncireli in need of sleep
nena : tongue; language; → uneneli quietly, with soft voice
voice; sound
3’ar(i) : water → u3’areli without water
~ 3’k’a(r)i ~ 3’k’a → ~ u3’k’areli
● Most words having this circumfix are concurrently adverb and adjetive (→ 3.3.3.5.).
● See postpositions (→ 5.2.1. sure, suzi) and an ambiposition (→ 5.4.1. dixo) which are synonymous to this circumfix.
____________________________________________________________________
4.7. Comparative expression of adverbs
In Laz, adverbs are invariable. They have no specific forms of comparative or superlative. The comparison is expressed by a noun (or a pronoun) in ablative (or ambidirective) case which precedes the adverb.
Aşela’şe ordo (PZ) earlyer than Aşela
Aşela’şa ordo (ÇM)(AŞ)
Aşela’şen ordo (Centre・East)
hamuşe leba (PZ) later than this
hamuşa leba (ÇM)(AŞ)
hayaşen leba ~ hayaşen yano (FN)
hamuşen yano (AH)
amuşen yano (East)