6. Subordinative conjunctions
(Verb adpositions and Noun clause adpositions)
6.1. Subordinative conjunctions anteposed to verbs
(Verb prepositions)
6.2. Subordinative conjunctions postposed to verbs
(Verb postpositions)
6.3. Subordinative conjunctions postposed to noun clauses
(Noun clause postpositions)
6.4. Subordinative conjunctions circumposed to verbs
(Verb circumpositions)
●●● In Laz language, subordinative conjunctions are very close to adpositions in respect of morphology, semantics and functions. Many of them are homophonous and synonymous with adpositions. The sole important difference is that they are adposed to verbs (or to the verb at the end of nominal clauses) while adpositions are adposed to nouns.
It is possible to rename them « verb adpositions » and « clause adpositions » (verb prepositions, verb postpositions, noun clause postpositions, verb circumpositions). And, in parallel, to rename adpositions « noun adpositions » (noun prepositions, noun postpositions, noun circumpositions, noun ambiposition).
In this alternative terminology, only coordinative conjunctions will remain in the category of « conjunctions ». (*)
(*) The alternative terminology is used in the Turkish version of this study.
●●● A part of Laz subordinative conjunctions (verb adpositions) are morphologically closer to affixes than to words. As the border between words and affixes are often ambiguous in Laz, any distinction is not made in this study between word-type conjunctions and affix-type conjunctions.
(For the same reason, any distinction is not made between word-type and affix-type concerning verbs and coordinative conjunctions in this study.)
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6.1. Subordinative conjunctions anteposed to verbs
(Verb prepositions)
6.1.1. muç’o[3] as soon as
6.1.2. p’ri (ÇM)(AŞ) a little while before
6.1.3. k’at’a whenever
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6.1.1. muç’o[3] as soon as
muç’o[3] moxtu, as soon as he came (*)
(*) There is no gender in Laz language. We do not write “he, she or it” in this study.
moxtu: mulun (come)(*): indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
●●● (*) In this study, the representative form of verb is indicative mood imperfective
present tense third person singular. See the chapters concerning verbs (→ 11. ~).
■■■ The anteposed subordinative conjunction (verb preposition) muç’o[3] and the homophonous preposition (noun preposition) muç’o[2] are both inaccented and non-proclitic.
The interrogative adverb muç’o[1], homograph with them, is accented on the penultimate.
Muç’o[1] moxtu ? How did he come ? By what way did he come ?
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6.1.2. p’ri (ÇM)(AŞ) a little while before
The anteposed subordinative conjunction (verb preposition) p’ri is observed only in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen.
■ This monosyllabical verb preposition is strongly accented.
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6.1.2.1. Followed by verb in simple perfective
p’ri moxt’i a little while before you came (sg.)
p’ri moxt’it a little while before you came (pl.)
p’ri vidi ~ p’ri bidi (*) a little while before I went
p’ri vidit ~ p’ri bidit (*) a little while before we went
p’ri p’i a little while before I did
p’ri p’it a little while before we did
(*) Initial consonants of verbs (v-, b-) are variants of the first person marker (→ 11.). The variant v- (vidi and vidit) is observed in Çamlıhemşin and in the western part of Ardeşen; the variant b- (bidi and bidit) in the eastern part of Ardeşen.
The first person marker is v- in Pazar; b- in Fındıklı and Arhavi; v- in Hopa and Çxala.
moxt’i : mulun (come): indicative mood simple perfective 2nd pers. sg.
moxt’it : mulun (come): indicative mood simple perfective 2nd pers. pl.
vidi ~ bidi : ulun (go): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. sg.
vidit ~ bidit : ulun (go): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. pl.
p’i (*): ikums (do): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. sg.
p’it (*): ikums (do): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. pl.
(*) {p’-}: one of the variants of first person marker (→ 11., 13.)
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6.1.2.2. Followed by verb in the perfective optative
p’ri moxt’a a little while before you come (sg.)
p’ri moxt’at a little while before you come (pl.)
p’ri vida ~ p’ri bida a little while before I go
p’ri vidat ~ p’ri bidat a little while before we go
p’ri p’a a little while before I do
p’ri p’at a little while before we do
moxt’a : mulun (come): perfective optative 2nd pers. sg.
moxt’at: mulun (come): perfective optative 2nd pers. pl.
vida ~ bida : ulun (go): perfective optative 1st pers. sg.
vidat ~ bidat : ulun (go): perfective optative 1st pers. pl.
p’a : ikums (do): perfective optative 1st pers. sg.
p’at : ikums (do): perfective optative 1st pers. pl.
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6.1.2.3. Followed by verb in future tense (ÇM)(AŞ-Ok’ordule, Jilen Mzğem etc)
p’ri moxt’are a little while before you come (sg.)
p’ri moxt’aten a little while before you come (pl.)
p’ri vidare ~ p’ri bidare a little while before I go
p’ri vidaten ~ p’ri bidaten a little while before we go
p’ri p’are a little while before I do
p’ri p’aten a little while before we do
moxt’are : mulun (come): indicative mood future tense 2nd pers. sg.
moxt’aten: mulun (come): indicative mood future tense 2nd pers. pl.
vidare ~ bidare : ulun (go): indicative mood future tense 1st pers. sg.
vidaten ~ bidaten : ulun (go): indicative mood future tense 1st pers. pl.
p’are : ikums (do): indicative mood future tense 1st pers. sg.
p’aten : ikums (do): indicative mood future tense 1st pers. pl.
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6.1.3. k’at’a whenever
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6.1.3.1. k’at’a + verb in the future tense
K’at’a azirasen elamçay. (ÇM-Ğvant) Whenever he sees me, he makes game of me.
K’at’a moptare cans. (AH-Lome) Whenever I come, he is in bed.
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6.1.3.2. k’at’a + converb (For converbs, see the chapter 13.)
Ali k’at’a rak’ani-dudişa ext’asi “İhuhuuuu !” deyi gamiyoxay. (ÇM-Ğvant)
Ali cries “İhuhuuuu !” whenever he climbs up a summit.
Xat’ice k’at’a T’rabozanişa it’aşa cuma-muşi elok’atun. (FN-Ç’anapet)
Xat’ice is escorted by her brother whenever she goes to Trabzon.
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6.2. Subordinative conjunctions postposed to verbs
(verb postpositions)
6.2.1. -is / -sis (PZ) when
6.2.2. -i / -si (ÇM)(AŞ); -u / -su (AŞ) when
6.2.3. -iz ~ is (FN) when
6.2.4. -na if
6.2.5. şak (AH) rather ...... than
6.2.6. -şa ~ şakiz ~ şakis till, until ; before ; while
6.2.7. -şani (AŞ)~ -şa (FN) instead of; rather ... than
6.2.8. -şi (AH)(HP)(ÇX) when ; while
6.2.9. şk’ala ~ k’ala as soon as
6.2.10. şkul ~ şkule (west of AH) after ; while
6.2.11. şk’ule ~ şik’ule ~ şuk’ule after
~ şkule ~ k’ule
6.2.12. tina[1] (West・Centre) since
6.2.13. var ... tina[2] (West・Centre) [negative clause], ... at least
6.2.14. -şen doni (West・East) since
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6.2.1. -is / -sis (PZ) when
Postposed subordinative conjunction (verb postposition) {-is / -sis}, observed only in the dialects of Pazar (*), is preceded by verb in simple perfective or perfective optative. It takes the form {-is} after consonant and the form {-sis} after vowel.
vidi + -sis = vidisis when I went
vidit + -is = viditis when we went
vida + -sis = vidasis when I shall go
vidat + -is = vidatis when we shall go
vidi : ulun (go): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. sg.
vidit : ulun (go): indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. pl.
vida : ulun (go): perfective optative 1st pers. sg.
vidat : ulun (go): perfective optative 1st pers. pl.
(*) See subjects 6.2.2., 6.2.3. and 6.2.8. for synonymous morphemes which are observed in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen districts (6.2.2.), Fındıklı district (6.2.3.) and Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala zone (6.2.8.).
■ This postposed subordinative conjunction (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.2.2. -i / -si (ÇM); -i / -si ~ -u / -su (AŞ) when
The postposed subordinative conjunction (verb postposition) {-i / -si} (~ -u / -su), observed only in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen (*), is preceded by verb in simple perfective or perfective optative. It takes the forms {-i} or {-u} after consonant and the forms {-si} or {-su} after vowel.
It happens often that the same Laz speakers pronounce both variants apparently without becoming aware. Are they free variants or regional ones ? Further researches are necessary in order to reply to this question.
vidisi ~ bidisi ~ bidisu when I went
viditi ~ biditi ~ biditu when we went
vidasi ~ bidasi ~ bidasu when I shall go
vidati ~ bidati ~ bidatu when we shall go
(*) See subjects 6.2.1., 6.2.3. and 6.2.8. for synonymous morphemes which are observed in the dialects of Pazar district (6.2.1.), Fındıklı district (6.2.3.) and Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala zone (6.2.8.).
● Variants like bidasina (when I shall go), bidatuna (when we shall go), idusini (when he went), iditini (when you [pl.] went) are also observed in certain dialects of Ardeşen.
■ This subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.2.3. -iz ~ -is (FN) when
The postposed subordinative conjunction (verb postposition) {-iz ~ -is}, observed only in the dialects of Fındıklı (*), is preceded by verb in simple perfective or perfective optative. It takes the forms {-iz} or {-is} according to the nature of following phoneme (with some regional fluctualtions).
(*) See subjects 6.2.1., 6.2.2. and 6.2.8. for synonymous morphemes which are observed in the dialects of Pazar district (6.2.1.), Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen districts (6.2.2.) and Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala zone (6.2.8.).
■ This postposed subordinative conjunction (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.2.3.1. Preceded by verb in simple perfective
bidi + -iz ~ -is = bidi(y)iz ~ bidi(y)is when I went
bidit + -iz ~ -is = biditiz ~ biditis when we went
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6.2.3.2. Preceded by verb in perfective optative
bida + -iz ~ -is = bida(y)iz ~ bida(y)is when I shall go
bidat + -iz ~ -is = bidatiz ~ bidatis when we shall go
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6.2.3.3. Preceded by verb in imperfective optative
bulu(r)t’a + -iz ~ -is = bulut’a(y)iz ~ bulut’a(y)is when I am going (*)
(*) The imperfective optative (→ 11., 13.) form of Laz verbs is atemporal. It can express like in this example « action or state which are durative or iterative without being concerned by the time ».
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6.2.4. -na if
The subordinative conjunction (verb adposition) {-na} is postposed to verbs in different modes, aspects and tenses to form conditional clauses and concessive clauses (→ 16.).
idu-na if he went
idas-na if he goes
idasen-na if he will go
var idasen-na if he will not go
idu : ulun (go): indicative simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
idas : ulun (go): perfective optative 3rd pers. sg.
idasen : ulun (go): indicative future tense 3rd pers. sg.
var idasen : ulun (go): indicative future tense 3rd pers. sg. negative
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6.2.5. şak rather (a very harmful thing) than
Şak is a subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) observed in the dialect of Pilarget in Arhavi. As we have collected only a few number of examples, further researches are necessary in order to confirm the description of this paragraph.
It is preceded by verb in imperfective optative (→ 13.).
boçilamt’aşak rather (a very harmful thing) than to let get married [this man]
boçilamt’a : oçilams (let get married [a man]): imperfective optative 1st pers. sg.
■ This subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.2.6. -şa (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) till, until ; unless, before; while
-şa ~ şakiz ~ şakis (AH)(HP)(ÇX)
The use and the meaning of this conjunction is different according to the area. See the chapter “13. Verbs : Conjugation”
■ All variants are inaccented and non-enclitic.
The monosyllabical variant is homophonous with the directive case marker (and the ambidirective case marker concerning the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen). But the latter is enclitic.
These morphemes are homophonous with one of the variants of postposed subordinative conjunctions (verb postpositions) that are treated in 6.2.7.
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6.2.7. -şani (AŞ)~ -şa (FN) instead of
Preceded by verb in indicative simple perfective or perfective optative
A. K’umari ibiraşani Lazebura digurik’o. (AŞ) I wish you learn Laz instead
of gambling.
k’umar(i) : gamble (< Turkish. kumar < Arabic. qumâr)
ibira : ibirs (play)(*): perfective optative 2nd pers. sg.
digurik’o : digurams (learn): votive mood (→ 11.5. Moods) 2nd pers. sg.
(*) {ibirs (sing)} in central and eastern dialects.
B. K’umari isteraşa Lazebura digurik’on. (FN) I wish you learn Laz instead
of gambling.
istera : isten (play)(*): perfective optative 2nd pers. sg.
(*) isters (play)(AH)(HP)(ÇX)
C. Araba cexedaşani gzalineri iduk’o. (AŞ) I wish he goes on foot
instead of riding in a car.
araba : araba (car): fusioned oblique case (< Turkish. araba)
cexeda : cexedun (ride in a car): perfective optative 3rd pers. sg.
gzalineri : igzars ~ igzalams (walk; start)(*): participle (→ 14.1.)
iduk’o : ulun (go): votive mood 3rd pers. sg.
(*) In central and eastern dialects : igzals (start, depart)
D. Araba cexeduşani gzalineri idu. (AŞ) He went on foot instead of
riding in a car.
cexedu : cexedun (ride in a car): indicative simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
● See the synonymous subordinative conjunction postposed to nominal clauses (nominal clause postposition) observed in the dialects of Pazar (→ 6.3.5.).
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6.2.8. -şi (AH)(HP)(ÇX) when
The subordinative conjunction (verb adposition) {-şi}, observe only in the dialects of Arhavi-Hopa-Çxala zone (*), is preceded by verb in simple perfective or perfective optative.
(*) See subjects 6.2.1., 6.2.2. and 6.2.3. for synonymous morphemes which are observed in the dialects of Pazar district (6.2.1.), Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen districts (6.2.2.) and Fındıklı district (6.2.3.).
■ This subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic, while the genitive case marker, homograph with this verb postposition, is enclitic.
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6.2.8.1. Preceded by verb in perfective aspect when
(AH) (HP)ÇX)
bidişi ~ vidişi when I went
biditşi ~ viditşi when we went
bidaşi ~ vidaşi when I sahll go
bidatşi ~ vidatşi when we shall go
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6.2.8.2. Preceded by verb in imperfective aspect while
pxe(r)t’işi while I was sitting
pxe(r)t’itşi while we were sitting
pxe(r)t’aşi while I am sitting
pxe(r)t’atşi while we are sitting
●●● This use is not observed in the dialects of western part of Arhavi. See 6.2.10.3. and 6.2.10.4.
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6.2.9. şk’ala (West) ~ k’ala (FN)(AH) as soon as
■ This subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.2.9.1. Preceded by verb in perfective as soon as
moxt’u şk’ala (West)(1) as soons as he came
moxtu k’ala (FN)(2)
moxt’u ~ moxtu: mulun (come) : indicative simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
● (1) A synonymous phrase “moxt’u do var, ” (→ do 7.1.) is more often observed in the dialects of Ardeşen.
● (2) A synonymous phrase “moxtu var moxtu,” and its shorter variant “moxtu var,” are more often observed in the dialects of Fındıklı.
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6.2.9.2. Preceded by verb in perfective optative (West) (in the future) as soon as
Si moxt’a şk’ala (West) as soon as you will come
Him moxt’a-şk’ala (West) (***) as soon as he will come
moxt’a : mulun (come): perfective optative 2nd pers. sg.
moxt’as (***): mulun (come): perfective optative 3rd pers. sg.
●●● (***) {moxt’a-şk’ala} < {moxt’as + şk’ala}
In Laz, the phoneme /s/ disappears regularly if it is followed by the phoneme /ş/ in the concatenation of morphemes in a word or phrase. The disappearance of /s/ is indicated, in this study, by a hyphen.
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6.2.9.3. Preceded by verb in future tense (FN) (in the future) as soon as
moxtasen k’ala (FN) as soon as he will come
● (2) The synonymous phrase “moxtaz var moxtaz,” and its shorter variant “moxtaz var,” are more often observed in the dialects of Fındıklı.
See also the synonymous nominal clause postposition (→ 6.3.3.).
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6.2.10. şkul ~ şkule (western part of AH) after; while
●●● This morpheme is quasi-homophonous and quasi-synonymous with the word treated in the next subject (6.2.11.). However semantic difference is so important that it is not possible to consider them as a same word.
● This “verb postposition” has two different meanings according to the aspect (perfectif or imperfectif) of the preceding verb.
● The variant şkul is observed in the villages of Pilarget, Sidere, Jin-Napşit etc; the other variant, şkule, is observed in Lome and some other nearby villages.
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6.2.10.1. Preceded by verb in simple perfective (in the past) after
bidi şkul ~ bidi şkule after I went
bidit şkul ~ bidit şkule after we went
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6.2.10.2. Preceded by verb in perfective optative (in the future) after
bida şkul ~ bida şkule after I shall go
bidat şkul ~ bidat şkule after we shall go
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6.2.10.3. Preceded by verb in imperfective past tense (in the past) while
pxert’i şkul ~ pxe(r)t’i şkule while I was sitting
pxert’it şkul ~ pxe(r)t’it şkule while we were sitting
● The “reduction of /r/ after vowel”, phenomenon covering wide area from Fındıklı to Çxala, is not observed in the villages of Pilarget, Sidere, Jin-Napşit etc.
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6.2.10.4. Preceded by verb in imperfective optative (general truth) while
pxert’a şkul ~ pxe(r)t’a şkule while I am sitting
pxert’at şkul ~ pxe(r)t’at şkule while we are sitting
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6.2.11. şk’ule ~ şik’ule ~ şuk’ule ~ şkule ~ k’ule after
This “verb postposition”, observed in all Laz dialects spoken out of the western part of Arhavi, is preceded only by verb in perfective aspect.
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6.2.11.1. Preceded by verb in simple perfective (in the past) after
vidi şk’ule after I went
~ bidi şik’ule
~ bidi şuk’ule
~ bidi şkule
~ vidi k’ule
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6.2.11.2. Preceded by verb in perfective optative (in the future) after
vida şk’ule after I shall go
~ bida şik’ule
~ bida şuk’ule
~ bida şkule
~ vida k’ule
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6.2.12. tina[3] (West・Centre) since
Preceded by verb in simple perfective
dotanu tina since daybreak
● This subordinative conjunction postposed to verbs (verb postposition) is homophonous with the verb postposition of the next subject (6.2.13.). They are homophonous with two other noun postpositions (→ 5.2.1.11., 5.2.1.12.).
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6.2.13. [var ...] tina[4] (West・Centre) at least
Preceded by verb in imperfective present tense negative
Gyai var imxor tina, m3xuli oç’k’omi. If you do not take meal, eat at least some
pears.
gyai : bread; meal
var : negation marker
imxor : imxors (eat): indicative mood imperfective present tense 2nd pers. sg.
m3xuli : pear
oç’k’omi : imxors (eat): affirmation profix o-(→ 11.8.2.) + imperative sg.
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6.2.14. -şen doni (Centre・East) since
p’işen doni (FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) since I did (it)
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6.3. Subordinative conjunctions postposed to noun clauses
(Noun clause postpositions)
6.3.1. [na-...] evuli (ÇM)(AŞ) as
6.3.2. [na-...] k’onar(i) ~ k’ona(y)i ~ k’ona ~ -k’o (Centre・East) as well as
6.3.3. [na-...] st’er(i) ~ ster(i) ~ ste(y)i as ; as soon as
6.3.4. [na-...] şeni because
6.3.5. [na-...]-şi (PZ) instead of
6.3.6. [na-...] şuk’uri (PZ) ~ şuk’u (AŞ) as well as
● See the chapter “Adnominal clauses and Nominal clauses” (→ 17.).
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6.3.1. [na-...] evuli (ÇM)(AŞ) as, imitating what
This word is observed only in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and the south-western part of Ardeşen.
Osmani na-u evuli as Osman did ; imitating what Osman did
ma na-p’i evuli as I did ; imitaing what I did
u : ikums (do) : indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
p’i : ikums (do) : indicative mood simple perfective 1st pers. sg.
● See the homophonous noun postposition (→ 5.2.2.1.).
■ Accent is on the penultimate.
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●●● According to the “Altered document” (footnotes pp. 34 and 40) :
« The word evuli, meaning “example” is used in the village of Tolikçeti in Ardeşen. »
It is a downright lie.
There was, at the end of the Introducion in Turkish of “Laz Grammar” (before it was altered), this note : Gôichi Kojima had not yet been at Tolikçeti when the redaction of the study finished so that İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi is sole responsibe of all description concerning the dialect of this village. This sentence was removed by İAB before I was aware after the publication. He forgot, however, to do the same manipulation in the Introduction in English (which he altered nevertheless almost thoroughly: even the first sentence is changed into a nonsense)(*).
(*) I had written : “Laz is one of the thousands of languages which are insufficiently
described and are in danger of becoming extinct in one or two generations if nothing is
done to preserve them.”
Mister İAB changed it : “Laz is one of the thousands of languages which is insufficiently
described and is in danger of becoming extinct in one or two generations if nothing is done
to preserve it.”
İAB insists upon his lie by a fax message on August 8th 2003. He persists:
“I have done again the research on the word Evuli. It means without fail ‘example’ and ‘for example’ in the village of Tolikçeti-Ardeşen and in M3’anu-Çamlıhemşin.”
But he is inconsistent. He sent me an e-mail on January 24th 2005.
《 (......) I knew that the word “evuli” did not mean “example”. But it was a proposition of new term, as it was the case with other terms we had created. (......) And, according to me, it is a matter which need not be taken in consideration. (......) 》
I had remarked a great number of errors in the Laz-Turkish dictionnary of İAB (under joint authorship of Hasan Uzunhasanoğlu). At present, it is evident that all of them are not simple “errors” ......
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6.3.2. [na-...] k’onar(i) ~ k’ona(y)i ~ k’ona ~ -k’o (Centre・East) as well as
ma na-miçkin k’onari as long as I know
miçkin (*): uçkin (know)(*): indicative mood imperfective prsent tense 1st pers. sg.
(*) In western dialects, respectively mişk’un and uşk’un.
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6.3.3. [na-...] st’er(i) ~ ster(i) ~ ste(y)i as ; as soon as
This word means generally “as”. However, in central dialects, it means “as soon as” in certain expressions.
na-nç’aru st’er(i) (West) as he wrote
~ na-ç’a(r)u ster(i) (Centre・East)
na-moxtu ster(i) (Centre) as soon as he came
~ na-moxtu ste(y)i
na-moxtasen ster(i) (Centre) as soon as he will come
~ na-moxtasen ste(y)i
nç’aru : nç’arums (write): indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
ç’a(r)u : ç’a(r)ums (write): indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
moxtasen : mulun (come): indicative mood future tense 3rd pers. sg.
■ This word is inaccented and non-enclitic.
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6.3.4. [na-...] şeni because
Preceded by nominal clause expressing action or event:
Doğani Batumişe na-idu şeni (PZ)
Doğani Batumişa na-idu şeni (ÇM・AD・Centre・East) because Doğan went to
Batumi (in Georgia)
idu : ulun (go): indicatifve mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
Ç’emu Ankara’şe na-idasere şeni (PZ-western and central part)
Ç’emu Ankara’şe na-idasen şeni (PZ-eastern part)
Ç’emu Ankara’şa na-idasen şeni (ÇM・AD・Centre)
Ç’emu Ankara’şa na-idasinon şeni (HP-Mak’rial)
Ç’emu Ankara’şa na-idasiyon şeni (HP-Sarp)
Ç’emu Ankara’şa na-idasun şeni (ÇX) because Ç’emu will go to Ankara
idasere, idasen, idasinon, idasiyon, idasun : ulun (go): indicative mood future tense
3rd pers. sg.
● See Conjugation of verbs (→ 13.).
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6.3.5. [na-...]-şi (PZ) instead of
K’umari na-ibirişi Lazuri nç’arik’o. (PZ) I wish you learn Laz language instead of
gambling.
k’umar(i) : gamble (< Turkish. kumar < Arabic. qumâr)
ibiri : ibirs (play): indicative mood simple perfective 2nd pers. sg.
nç’arik’o : nç’arums (write): votive mood 2nd pers. sg.
Na-igzalasert’uşi arabas kocexedu. (PZ) He rode in a car instead of going on foot.
igzalasert’u : igzars ~ igzalams (walk; start): “future in the past” 3rd pers. sg.
arabas : araba (car): locative (< Turkish. araba)
kocexedu : cexedun (ride in a car): affirmation profix ko- + indicative mood simple
perfective 3rd pers. sg.
●●● See “Adverbial clauses having the formof nominal clause” of the dialects of Ardeşen (→ 17.).
● See also the synonymous verb postposition observed in the dialects of Ardeşen (→ 6.2.7.).
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6.3.6. [na-...] şuk’uri (PZ) ~ şuk’u (AŞ) as well as
na-mişk’un şuk’uri (PZ)
~ na-mişk’un şuk’u (AŞ) as long as I know
na-gorum şuk’u (AŞ) as much as you want
■ Accent is on the last syllable in the word şuk’u.
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6.4. Subordinative conjunctions circumposed to verbs
(verb circumpositions)
6.4.1. {p’anda[3] ... st’er(i)} (AŞ) as if
6.4.2. {p’i ...-şe} ~ {p’i ...-şa} (PZ) a little while before
6.4.3. {na-...-şi} (AK) because
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6.4.1. {p’anda[3] ... st’er(i)}(AŞ) as if
K’oçi p’anda na-iyu aziru st’eri isinapu. The man talked as if he saw what happened.
k’oçi : man
iyu : iyen (happen): indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
aziru (*) : aziren (*) (see): indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
isinapu : isinapams (speak, talk) indicative mood simple perfective 3rd pers. sg.
(*) az*iru [az*iru], az*iren [az*iren] in most dialects.
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6.4.2. {p’i ...-şe} ~ {p’i ...-şa} (PZ) a little while before
■ The anteposed part is strongly accented. The postposed part is inaccented.
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6.4.2.1. On both sides of verb in simple perfective
p’i moxt’işe ~ p’i moxt’işa a little while before you came (sg.)
p’i moxt’itşe ~ p’i moxt’itşa a little while before you came (pl.)
p’i vidişe ~ p’i vidişa a little while before I went
p’i viditşe ~ p’i viditşa a little while before we went
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6.4.2.2. On both sides of verb in perfective optative
p’i moxt’aşe ~ p’i moxt’aşa a little while before you come (sg.)
p’i moxt’atşe ~ p’i moxt’atşa a little while before you come (pl.)
p’i vidaşe ~ p’i vidaşa a little while before I go
p’i vidatşe ~ p’i vidatşa a little while before we go
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6.4.3. {na-...-şi} (AK) because
Nok’epe x3aperi na-renşi ç’k’odun. The thread is torn because it is rotten.